{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T11:02:44Z","timestamp":1785150164732,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antifilarial antibody testing in the evaluation of returned travelers and immigrants to North America has previously relied on IgG- and IgG4-specific responses to crude filarial extracts (Brugia malayi adult antigen [BmA]), tests that suffer from significant cross-reactivity with Strongyloides and cannot distinguish among the infecting filarial species. Nevertheless, between 1992 and 2016, we have tested &amp;gt;11 000 samples from providers across North America in whom a filarial infection was being considered: 20% were definitively diagnosed with a filarial infection (based on IgG4 anti-BmA reactivity) and approximately 50% had the diagnosis excluded (based on IgG anti-BmA seronegativity).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To create an all-in-one assay for screening travelers and immigrants where infections with filariae or Strongyloides stercoralis are being considered, we configured a multibead-based assay to simultaneously measure the IgG and IgG4 responses to BmA and to the species-specific recombinants Ll-SXP1, Ov-16, OvOC3261, Wb-123, Wb5, Ss-NIE, and Ss-IR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By tuning the assays to &amp;gt;98% specificity for the species of interest we utilized this new assay to prospectively test samples from 1865 unique patients. Among the 318 (17%) seropositive samples, we were able to provide a species-specific diagnosis in 80% (Loa loa, n = 99; Wuchereria bancrofti, n = 29; Onchocerca volvulus, n = 32; S stercoralis, n = 93) based on a hierarchical algorithm. We were also able to exclude any of these organisms in 1547 (83%) samples based on parasite antigen\u2013specific seronegativity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data provide a new framework for clinically useful parasite-specific serology that helps to direct targeted therapeutic options.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T11:50:26Z","timestamp":1783684226000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multibead-Based Immunoassay Provides a 1-Step Species-Specific Serodiagnosis of Filarial Infections and\n                    <i>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/i>\n                    in Travelers and Immigrants"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0395-9343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miranda","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kubofcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0510-3642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trinity","family":"Obiorah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6887-4941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas B","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072706520052400_jiag357-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.5.1034","article-title":"Enhanced diagnostic specificity in human filariasis by IgG4 antibody assessment","volume":"158","author":"Lal","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026072706520052400_jiag357-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.44.161","article-title":"Analysis of isotype-specific antifilarial antibody levels in a Haitian pediatric 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