{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:50:41Z","timestamp":1785891041530,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003896","name":"Henry M. 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TRM cells can mount rapid, antigen-specific responses to pathogens and contribute to mucosal barrier homeostasis by regulating commensal interactions. At the intestinal mucosa, the main site of early human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, CD4+ TRM cells may serve as virus targets; however, limited data are available regarding their dynamics during acute HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a nested cross-sectional study within a longitudinal cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sigmoid CD4+ TRM (CD69+CD103+) cells had a higher expression of CCR5 than CD4+ non-TRM (CD69\u2212CD103\u2212) cells, suggestive of increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Consistent with this, sigmoid CD4+ TRM but not CD4+ non-TRM cells were depleted\/nonreplenished despite long-term ART, regardless of the Fiebig stage at which treatment was initiated during acute HIV infection. In contrast, overall sigmoid CD4+ T cells were comparable in abundance with people living without HIV if treatment was initiated at Fiebig stage I or II, but they were significantly decreased if treatment was initiated at Fiebig stage III or beyond, suggesting preferential early depletion\/nonreplenishment of CD4+ TRM cells. The loss\/nonreplenishment of sigmoid CD4+ TRM cells was associated with a lower abundance of that short-chain fatty acid\u2013producing commensal bacteria that are crucial for the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis, a higher abundance of opportunistic pathobionts Desulfovibrio, and increased soluble biomarkers of systemic inflammation that drive non-AIDS mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sigmoid CD4+ TRM cells may be early mucosal targets of HIV-1 infection and that their persistent depletion contributes to decreased mucosal barrier function, warranting development of therapeutic strategies that can restore CD4+ TRM cells during HIV treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T11:51:16Z","timestamp":1783770676000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Early Antiretroviral Treatment on Tissue-Resident Memory CD4+ T Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5966-7796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinmanus","family":"Vimonpatranon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research\u2013Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4377-5220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aloysious","family":"Ssemaganda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9088-0771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuwadee","family":"Phuang-Ngern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research\u2013Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7466-8560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chayada","family":"Sajjaweerawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research\u2013Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Putita","family":"Saetun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research\u2013Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Termeh","family":"Shakery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suchada","family":"Sukhumvittaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research\u2013Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3158-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shruti","family":"Rathore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rungsun","family":"Rerknimitr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn Hospital , Bangkok ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip K","family":"Ehrenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Military HIV Research Program, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daina","family":"Eiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Military HIV Research Program, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Henry M. 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