{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:45:01Z","timestamp":1792025101131,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020950","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["113-2314-B-002-280-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2314-B-002-280-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease (MAC-LD) is increasing worldwide. Exosomal programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been scarcely investigated in MAC-LD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasma exosomes and their PD-L1 from patients with MAC-LD and healthy controls were measured and used for coculturing Jurkat cells with or without PD-L1\/ programmed death-1 (PD-1) blocking antibodies. M. avium complex\u2013infected mice were treated with exosome inhibitors to assess exosomal PD-L1 and bacterial burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasma exosomal PD-L1 levels were significantly higher in patients with MAC-LD (1477 \u00b1 1243 pg\/mL) versus controls (183.8 \u00b1 113.9 pg\/mL; P &amp;lt; .001), correlated with cavitary disease (2415 \u00b1 1309 vs 844.1 \u00b1 652.2 pg\/mL; P = .008) and decreased after treatment (1474 \u00b1 961.3 vs 738.5 \u00b1 820.4 pg\/mL; P = .03). M. avium complex\u2013infected macrophage exosomes decreased Jurkat cell survival (72.9 \u00b1 11.5% vs 98.2 \u00b1 0.6%; P &amp;lt; .01), which could be reversed by PD-L1\/PD-1 antibodies. In the mouse study, GW4869 (an exosome biogenesis inhibitor) reduced lung exosomal PD-L1 (497.6 \u00b1 123.1 to 197.7 \u00b1 116.4 pg\/mL; P = .008) and bacterial load (996 400 \u00b1 96 316 to 116 400 \u00b1 18 528 CFU; P = .008), whereas dimethyl amiloride (an exosome release inhibitor) showed no significant effect on lung exosome and bacterial load.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exosomal PD-L1 promotes immune suppression and reflects disease severity in MAC-LD. Inhibition of exosome biogenesis reduced exosomal PD-L1 levels and MAC burden in lung, supporting a potential therapeutic avenue that requires further validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T11:26:00Z","timestamp":1785151560000},"page":"637-646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exosomal Programmed Death Ligand 1 in Patients With\n                    <i>Mycobacterium avium<\/i>\n                    Complex Lung Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"234","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1251-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Yu","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University College of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, , Taipei 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