{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:05:48Z","timestamp":1792785948548,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fighting Infectious Diseases in Emerging Countries","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03q02hd35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"FIDEC","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03q02hd35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-051398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-051398"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-005007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-005007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-065360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-065360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-010629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-010629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Impact of prior inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) doses on nasal and pharyngeal viral replication following subsequent poliovirus exposure remains unclear. Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus detection in IPV-only countries necessitates better understanding of IPV's role in inducing nasal and pharyngeal mucosal immunity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial (9 November 2023\u201325 August 2024; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05677256) was conducted in Bangladesh in 500 polio vaccine-naive infants aged 6\u20138 weeks. Two infant cohorts (vaccinated with 3 doses of either IPV or bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine [bOPV]) were challenged at 18\u201320 weeks with novel OPV type 2 (nOPV2). Pharyngeal and fecal viral shedding, and nasal, intestinal, and serum immune responses were measured post-nOPV2-challenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Poliovirus type 2 (PV2) pharyngeal shedding was minimal postchallenge (1.7% of IPV-vaccinated and 2.6% of bOPV-vaccinated infants). Nasal PV2-specific neutralizing antibody titers were higher in the IPV group post-nOPV2-challenge (day 14; geometric mean titers [GMT]: IPV, 7.5 [95% CI: 5.1\u201311.1] vs bOPV, 0.6 [95% CI: 0.3\u20131.2]). Stool PV2-specific neutralization titers were comparable at day 14 (GMT: IPV, 124.0 [95% CI: 54.7\u2013281.0] vs bOPV, 127.3 [95% CI: 74.0\u2013218.9]). Serum PV2 neutralizing antibody titers were consistently higher in IPV group, peaking at day 28 (GMT: IPV, 4347.4 [95% CI: 2378.2\u20137947.2] vs bOPV, 259.9 [95% CI: 115.5\u2013584.9]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Novel OPV type 2 pharyngeal shedding was low following IPV or bOPV vaccination, whereas IPV induced higher nasal and serum, and comparable intestinal PV2-specific immunity, suggesting a potential role for IPV in poliovirus outbreak response in IPV-only settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T11:49:52Z","timestamp":1786535392000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine on Nasal Mucosal Immunity and Pharyngeal Shedding Following Novel Oral Poliovirus Vaccine 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