{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T02:07:57Z","timestamp":1788833277001,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI168655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI168655"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI164566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI164566"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pediatric Adolescent Virus Elimination"},{"name":"Martin Delaney Collaboratory Grant"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["534848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["534848"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["306962\/Z\/23\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306962\/Z\/23\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bristol Myers Squibb Secure the Future","award":["RES116\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RES116\/01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Virus-specific CD8+ T cells play an important part in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cure\/remission in adults, yet their role in pediatric immune control is limited by tolerogenic early-life immunity. Very-early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, while effective in restricting viral reservoir size, also prevents antigenic exposure and, thereby, the induction of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Analytical treatment interruption (ATI) is an established tool in cure\/remission studies for assessing time to viral rebound and viral set point off ART, yet the impact of ATI on HIV-specific immune responses and plasma viral load (pVL) remains understudied in pediatric populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated a historical randomized cohort of early ART-treated children in South Africa. Infants with HIV were randomized to either Arm-1, receiving an initial course of ART followed by 3 short, pVL-guided treatment interruptions, or Arm-2, receiving continuous ART. Both arms then underwent an extended ATI in the second year of life. Virological outcomes, viral sequencing, and HIV-specific T-cell responses were assessed longitudinally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the extended ATI, Arm-1 participants, following multiple treatment interruptions, demonstrated a lower peak and set point pVL compared to Arm-2, alongside an early induction of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. One Arm-1 participant achieved undetectable pVL for 1.5 months during the extended ATI, before losing immune control associated with viral escape within dominant Gag CD8+ T-cell epitopes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Short-term viral exposure from serial ATIs is associated with the induction and\/or boosting of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses and enhanced immune control of HIV in early ART-treated children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T12:13:05Z","timestamp":1788005585000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune Control of HIV Viremia in Early Pediatric Infection Is Associated With Induction of HIV-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Activity Following Multiple Treatment Interruptions"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia E","family":"Edgar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2850-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harriet R","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Thobakgale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"School of Pathology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Adland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"Prendergast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Tudor-Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2165-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik N","family":"Kl\u00f8verpris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Virology, Africa Health Research Institute , Durban ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Buus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce D","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2962-3992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thumbi","family":"Ndung\u2019u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Virology, Africa Health Research Institute , Durban ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Ragon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ragon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Photini","family":"Kiepiela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9842-4674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Goulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"HIV Pathogenesis 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