{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:43:18Z","timestamp":1792424598095,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1149709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1149709"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015815","name":"Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A4NH- 202004.040.500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A4NH- 202004.040.500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015815","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined effects of a 3-year poultry- and livestock-focused water, sanitation and hygiene intervention (WASH) on enteropathogen prevalence and density (SELEVER trial).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clusters of periurban and rural Burkinabe households were randomly assigned to control (no intervention), SELEVER (poultry rearing, nutrition, basic hygiene practices, and women empowerment), and SELEVER + WASH (additional intensive poultry- and livestock-focused community-led total sanitation). Base- and endline fecal samples were collected from children aged 24\u201359 months and analyzed using real-time qPCR to detect and quantify 24 enteropathogen targets. Analysis of effects on enteropathogen carriage and density was by intent to treat using logistic, log-linear, and 2-part regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled 1054 children and analyzed 883 children with endline fecal samples (attrition 15.0%). Almost all children (94.6%) were infected with at least 1 pathogen. Children in SELEVER + WASH arm had lower prevalence of Shigella\/enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) infection and unconditional mean DNA content compared to control (prevalence difference, \u22129.0% [95% CI, \u221215.4% to \u22122.6%]; unconditional DNA content, \u221256.5% [95% CI, \u221278.8% to \u221211.1%]) and SELEVER arms (prevalence difference, \u22127.7% [95% CI, \u221214.2% to \u22121.3%]; unconditional DNA content, \u221267.5% [95% CI, \u221286.0% to \u221224.2%]). Prevalence and unconditional DNA density of Hymenolepis nana was also lower in the SELEVER + WASH arm compared to control (prevalence difference, \u22124.9% [95% CI, \u22129.4% to \u22120.5%]; unconditional mean DNA content, \u221252.4% [95% CI, \u221277.0% to \u22121.4%]) and SELEVER (prevalence difference, \u22125.2% [95% CI, \u22129.8% to \u22120.6%]; unconditional mean DNA content, \u221252.7% [95% CI, \u221279.0% to \u22120.7%]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A poultry- and livestock-focused WASH intervention was associated with reductions in prevalence and density of Shigella\/EIEC and Hymenolepis nana infections in young children in Burkina Faso.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ISRCTN 16686478.<\/jats:p>\n    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Bobo-Dioulasso ,","place":["Burkina Faso"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Ngure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoulaye","family":"Pedehombga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AFRICSante , Bobo-Dioulasso ,","place":["Burkina Faso"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Santacroce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Food Policy Research Institute , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4615-5388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laeticia C","family":"Toe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Ghent ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Nutrition et Maladies M\u00e9taboliques, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 , Bobo-Dioulasso ,","place":["Burkina Faso"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8553-931X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaco J","family":"Verweij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microvida, Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital , Tilburg ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9346-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Verhoef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University , Wageningen ,","place":["The 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