{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T03:50:08Z","timestamp":1791345008491,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preterm infants mount lower humoral responses to the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) than full-term infants; however, the long-term impact of prematurity on vaccine-induced protection remains unclear. This study investigates the innate and adaptive immune responses to PCV13 in preterm versus full-term infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-eight infants (19 preterm, 19 full-term) received PCV13 at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months. Polysaccharide-specific memory B cells (MBCs) were enumerated and phenotyped by flow cytometry, while PS-specific IgG concentrations were measured by ELISA before and after the third and booster doses. RNA sequencing was performed before and 3 days after the third dose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary immunization induced a markedly broader, predominantly proinflammatory transcriptional response in preterm infants. Preterm infants exhibited higher frequencies of total and PS-specific extragerminal center (GC) MBCs but lower switched MBCs following primary immunization; these differences largely converged postbooster. Polysaccharide-specific IgG titers remained generally lower in preterm infants. Polysaccharide-specific switched MBCs postprimary correlated positively with antibody titers postbooster. The broad upregulation of proinflammatory genes in preterm infants was negatively correlated with antibody concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PCV13 immunization elicits distinct immunological profiles in preterm versus full-term infants. Booster immunization largely harmonized MBC composition across gestational groups, while early GC-derived MBC populations emerged as candidate correlates of durable immunity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:20:31Z","timestamp":1789672831000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systems Analysis of Immunity to Pneumococcal Vaccination in Preterm and Full-term Infants"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5059-6191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Geropeppa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Lab, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens 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