{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T10:40:56Z","timestamp":1792752056848,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NGR1\\1885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NGR1\\1885"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT2017383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT2017383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT2033299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT2033299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gonorrhea, a bacterial sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is a major global public health concern due to rising incidence and increasing antimicrobial resistance. Absence of a licensed vaccine and limitations of animal models have impeded progress in the understanding of pathogenesis, immunity, and development of novel therapeutics and vaccines. Controlled human infection studies (CHIS) offer a powerful approach to accelerate vaccine and antimicrobial development and improve understanding of host\u2013pathogen interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An international, multidisciplinary stakeholder workshop was convened in Oxford, United Kingdom (March 2025), to review current gonorrhea CHIS activity, define research priorities, and establish consensus standards for future studies through structured discussion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consensus highlighted the continued value of CHIS with well-characterized strains such as FA1090, while supporting careful selection and characterization of novel strains. Standardized, risk-based approaches to inoculum manufacture and quality assurance were recommended to enhance reproducibility and scalability. Expansion of CHIS to include additional anatomical sites and novel populations, including individuals with female reproductive anatomy, was identified as scientifically valuable but requiring careful ethical and safety evaluation. CHIS were recognized as uniquely positioned to advance vaccine and antimicrobial development by enabling early efficacy assessment, identification of correlates of protection, and optimization of treatment and prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gonorrhea CHIS are an underutilized but valuable research tool with potential to accelerate translational research against gonorrhea. With robust ethical oversight, community engagement, and international collaboration, expanded and harmonized CHIS could substantially advance prevention and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:01:55Z","timestamp":1790164915000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expert Consensus on Controlled Human Infection Studies for Gonorrhea"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0895-3442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne H","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United 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