{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T10:24:18Z","timestamp":1793960658306,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226731\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226731\/Z\/22\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["211433\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211433\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in sub-Saharan Africa remain at high risk of pneumococcal carriage and disease, despite effective antiretroviral therapy. Understanding the immune factors driving this is key to addressing the issue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Virally suppressed, clinically stable people with HIV (PWH; n = 60) and HIV-uninfected adults (n = 60) underwent intranasal challenge with live pneumococcal serotype 6B. Experimental carriage was determined by culture and serotyping of nasal wash samples. Pneumococcal capsular and whole-cell immunoglobulin G (IgG) in nasal wash and serum samples were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody binding was measured using a flow cytometry assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline pneumococcal capsular IgG, whole-cell IgG, and antibody binding were similar between PWH and HIV-uninfected participants. Challenge did not increase IgG concentration in either group. Carriage susceptibility among PWH was associated with lower baseline serum capsular 6B IgG (0.84 vs 2.33\u2005\u00b5g\/mL, P &amp;lt; .01), lower nasal capsular 6B IgG (328 vs 761\u2005pg\/mL, P = .07), and lower nasal whole-cell IgG (92.2 vs 205\u2005AU\/mL, P = .02). These associations were not observed in HIV-uninfected participants. Carriage in HIV-uninfected participants was associated with an increase in IgG binding from baseline to day 21 (120 vs 209\u2005AU, Friedman \u03c72 = 11.1, P = .004), which was not detected in PWH (79.2 vs 72.3\u2005AU, \u03c72 = 0.67, P = .72).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline pneumococcal IgG levels and function were similar in PWH and HIV-uninfected participants. However, experimental challenge revealed specific differences in humoral correlates of pneumococcal carriage between PWH and HIV-uninfected adults. These findings support evaluation of vaccination strategies to enhance pneumococcal antibody concentration and function in PWH in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:37:50Z","timestamp":1791891470000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental Pneumococcal Carriage Reveals Humoral Correlates of Susceptibility in Virally Suppressed Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6179-9440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klara","family":"Doherty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARVELS, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme , Blantyre ,","place":["Malawi"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool ,","place":["United 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