{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:35:38Z","timestamp":1789526138242,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,14]],"date-time":"2011-03-14T04:38:06Z","timestamp":1300077486000},"page":"898-909","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Outbreak of Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in Nigeria: Emergence and Widespread Circulation in an Underimmunized Population"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"203","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Wassilak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ali","family":"Pate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Wannemuehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Jenks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Chenoweth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Ade","family":"Abanida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Festus","family":"Adu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marycelin","family":"Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Gasasira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Iber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Mkanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Pallansch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olen","family":"Kew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib1","first-page":"545","article-title":"Progress toward interruption of wild poliovirus transmission\u2014worldwide, 2009","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2010","journal-title":"Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-3611-1.50030-1","article-title":"Poliovirus vaccine\u2014live","volume-title":"Vaccines","author":"Sutter","year":"2008","edition":"5th ed"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib3","first-page":"222","article-title":"Apparent global interruption of wild poliovirus type 2 transmission","volume":"50","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2001","journal-title":"Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.58.030603.123625","article-title":"Vaccine-derived polioviruses and the endgame strategy for global polio eradication","volume":"59","author":"Kew","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib5","first-page":"1002","article-title":"Update on vaccine-derived polioviruses\u2013worldwide, January 2008\u2013June 2009","volume":"58","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009","journal-title":"Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817916.ch30","article-title":"Poliovirus vaccines: molecular biology and immune response","volume-title":"Molecular biology of Picornaviruses","author":"Minor","year":"2002"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02354-07","article-title":"Calibration of multiple poliovirus molecular clocks covering an extended evolutionary range","volume":"82","author":"Jorba","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S176","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.Supplement_1.S176","article-title":"Duration of poliovirus excretion and its implications for acute flaccid paralysis surveillance: a review of the literature","volume":"175","author":"Alexander","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1086\/525049","article-title":"A large vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreak on Madura Island\u2013Indonesia, 2005","volume":"197","author":"Est\u00edvariz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1086\/587694","article-title":"Reemergence of recombinant vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreak in Madagascar","volume":"197","author":"Rakoto-Andrianarivelo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112848","article-title":"The epidemiology of poliomyelitis: enigmas surrounding its appearance, epidemicity, and disappearance","volume":"110","author":"Nathanson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803259","article-title":"Effectiveness of immunization against paralytic poliomyelitis in Nigeria","volume":"359","author":"Jenkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib13","first-page":"802","article-title":"Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication\u2013Nigeria, January 2009\u2013July 2010","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2010","journal-title":"Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib14","first-page":"145","article-title":"Resurgence of wild poliovirus type 1 transmission and consequences of importation\u201321 countries, 2002\u20132005","volume":"55","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2006","journal-title":"Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib15","first-page":"357","article-title":"Wild poliovirus type 1 and type 3 importations\u201415 countries, Africa, 2008\u20132009","volume":"58","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009","journal-title":"Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.03.009","article-title":"Isolation of recombinant type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) from a Nigerian child","volume":"127","author":"Adu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib17","first-page":"996","article-title":"Update on vaccine-derived polioviruses\u2014worldwide, January 2006\u2013August 2007","volume":"56","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2007","journal-title":"Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8366","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.15.8366-8377.2003","article-title":"Circulation of endemic type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus in Egypt, 1983 to 1993","volume":"77","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3433","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003433","article-title":"Estimating the extent of vaccine-derived poliovirus infection","volume":"3","author":"Wringe","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib20","first-page":"950","article-title":"Laboratory surveillance for wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses\u2014Worldwide, January 2008\u2013June 2009","volume":"58","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009","journal-title":"Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0910074","article-title":"Implications of a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus in Nigeria","volume":"362","author":"Jenkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib22","volume-title":"Federal Republic of Nigeria. Final 2006 census results","author":"National Population Commission"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib23","volume-title":"Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Nigeria population and national density","author":"United Nations Secretariat"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib24","volume-title":"FAO country profiles and mapping information system","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib25","volume-title":"Health nutrition and population stats","author":"World Bank"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib26","volume-title":"National Health Accounts: Nigeria, 2008","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib27","volume-title":"WHO-UNICEF estimates of immunization coverage: the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1980\u20132009","author":"World Health Organization and UNICEF"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib28","first-page":"479","volume":"51","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2002","journal-title":"Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication \u2013 Nigeria, January 2000\u2013March 2002. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib29","volume-title":"Nigeria: WHO and UNICEF estimates of immunization coverage, 1997\u20132009","author":"World Health Organization and UNICEF"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib30","volume-title":"Demographic and Health Surveys, Nigeria 2003 and 2008","author":"Measure"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib31","author":"National Programme on Immunization","year":"2004","journal-title":"Report of the Federal Republic of Nigeria immunization coverage survey, 2003. Abuja, Nigeria"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib32","volume-title":"Report of the Federal Republic of Nigeria immunization coverage survey, 2006","author":"National Programme on Immunization","year":"2007"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib33","article-title":"Multiple indicator cluster surveys, Nigeria 2007","author":"UNICEF"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib34","author":"World Health Organization","journal-title":"Field guide for supplementary activities aimed at achieving polio eradication"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib35","first-page":"410","article-title":"Conclusions and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Poliomyelitis Eradication, Geneva, 11\u201312 October 2005","volume":"80","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib36","volume-title":"LandScan Global Population Database","author":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib37","volume-title":"Polio laboratory manual","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.12.2990-2996.1996","article-title":"Group-specific identification of polioviruses by PCR using primers containing mixed-base or deoxyinosine residues at positions of codon degeneracy","volume":"34","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.2.352-357.1998","article-title":"Serotype-specific identification of polioviruses by PCR using primers containing mixed-base or deoxyinosine residues at positions of codon degeneracy","volume":"36","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.10.2562-2566.1995","article-title":"A comparative study of five methods of intratypic differentiation of polioviruses","volume":"33","author":"van der Avoort","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11153","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.23.11153-11161.2000","article-title":"Molecular evolution of a type 1 wild-vaccine poliovirus recombinant during widespread circulation in China","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib42","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2009"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib43","first-page":"289","article-title":"Advisory Committee on Poliomyelitis Eradication: recommendations on the use of bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine types 1 and 3","volume":"84","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068284","article-title":"Outbreak of poliomyelitis in Hispaniola associated with circulating type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus","volume":"296","author":"Kew","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.5.926","article-title":"Factors affecting the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine in developing countries: review","volume":"13","author":"Patriarca","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib46","first-page":"213","article-title":"Polio vaccines and polio immunization in the pre-eradication era: WHO position paper","volume":"85","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13512","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.24.13512-13521.2004","article-title":"Circulation of type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus in the Philippines in 2001","volume":"78","author":"Shimizu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170702143126_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9179","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00468-08","article-title":"Changes in population dynamics during long-term evolution of Sabin type 1 poliovirus in an immunodeficient patient","volume":"82","author":"Odoom","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/203\/7\/898\/18081602\/jiq140.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T08:31:07Z","timestamp":1637397067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiq140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiq140","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}}}