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Residual HIV-related chronic immune activation and senescence may increase the risk of developing comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. \u2003Immune phenotyping, thymic output, and telomere length were assessed in 94 HIV-infected individuals who were aged &amp;gt;45 years and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART; cases) and 95 age-matched uninfected controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. \u2003Cases had lower CD4+ T-cell counts, higher CD8+ T-cell counts, and increased levels of immune activation (ie, increased soluble CD14 [sCD14] level and increased percentages of CD38+HLA-DR+ cells among both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells), regulatory T cells, and percentage of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)\u2013expressing cells among CD4+ T cells. Immune senescence levels (ie, percentages of CD27\u2212CD28\u2212 cells or CD57+ cells) were comparable between cases and controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cases had shorter telomeres but increased single-joint T-cell receptor excision circle content and CD31+ naive CD4+ T cells. Although cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibody titers were higher in cases, CMV-specific T-cell responses were comparable between cases and controls. T-cell senescence in cases was independently associated with T-cell activation but not with CMV-specific immune responses.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions. \u2003Despite long-term receipt of ART, HIV-infected adults had higher levels of immune activation, regulatory T cells, and PD-1\u2013expressing CD4+ cells and shorter telomeres. The increased soluble CD14 levels and percentage of CD38+HLA-DR+ cells among CD4+ T cells correlated with shorter telomeres and increased regulatory T-cell levels. This suggests that HIV influences immune function irreversibly, with several pathways that are persistently abnormal during effective ART. Therapies aimed at improving immune health during ART are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]],"date-time":"2016-04-13T01:49:57Z","timestamp":1460512197000},"page":"216-225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["T-Cell Activation Independently Associates With Immune Senescence in HIV-Infected Recipients of Long-term Antiretroviral Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"214","author":[{"name":"AGEhIV Study Group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana Cobos","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand W. N. 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