{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:22:46Z","timestamp":1791354166721,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T13:23:26Z","timestamp":1485782606000},"page":"946-953","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The Use of Quinacrine in Nitroimidazole-resistant Giardia Duodenalis: An Old Drug for an Emerging Problem"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Requena-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal-CRESIB, Universitat de Barcelona,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Go\u00f1i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Encarnaci\u00f3n","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Pou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Salud Internacional Drassanes\u2013Hospital Universitario Vall d\u2019Hebron, PROSICS, Barcelona,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Fumad\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Malalties Infeccioses i Importades, Servei de Pediatr\u00eda, Infectious and Imported Diseases, Pediatric Unit, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de De\u00fa, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"L\u00f3bez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edelweiss","family":"Aldasoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal-CRESIB, Universitat de Barcelona,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Cabezos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Salud Internacional Drassanes\u2013Hospital Universitario Vall d\u2019Hebron, PROSICS, Barcelona,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Eugenia","family":"Valls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Trevi\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Salud Internacional Drassanes\u2013Hospital Universitario Vall d\u2019Hebron, PROSICS, Barcelona,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Federico","family":"Mart\u00ednez Montseny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Malalties Infeccioses i Importades, Servei de Pediatr\u00eda, Infectious and Imported Diseases, Pediatric Unit, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de De\u00fa, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Clavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Gascon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal-CRESIB, Universitat de Barcelona,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal-CRESIB, Universitat de Barcelona,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.11.010","article-title":"Giardiasis\u2014why do the symptoms sometimes never stop?","volume":"26","author":"Robertson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.447-475.2001","article-title":"Biology of Giardia lamblia","volume":"14","author":"Adam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S271","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis762","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between Giardia lamblia and endemic pediatric diarrhea in developing countries","volume":"55","author":"Muhsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05038-11","article-title":"Enteric protozoa in the developed world: a public health perspective","volume":"25","author":"Fletcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2012.10.004","article-title":"Refractory giardiasis in Spanish travellers","volume":"11","author":"Mu\u00f1oz Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.02.001","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of Giardia isolates from clinical infections following a waterborne outbreak","volume":"55","author":"Robertson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00127-2","article-title":"Giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease and its zoonotic potential","volume":"30","author":"Thompson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.05.002","article-title":"Host parasite interactions and pathophysiology in Giardia infections","volume":"41","author":"Cotton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2174\/187152610793180821","article-title":"Giardiasis: the ever-present threat of a neglected disease","volume":"10","author":"Escobedo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.6.974","article-title":"Experimental human infections with Giardia lamblia","volume":"156","author":"Nash","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.11.005","article-title":"Giardia immunity\u2014an update","volume":"22","author":"Roxstr\u00f6m-Lindquist","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0404-3","article-title":"Correlation between the presence of symptoms and the Giardia duodenalis genotype","volume":"27","author":"Sahag\u00fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-8508(03)00057-4","article-title":"Real-time PCR for the detection of Giardia lamblia","volume":"17","author":"Verweij","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.2000.0302","article-title":"PCR detection of Giardia lamblia in stool: targeting intergenic spacer region of multicopy rRNA gene","volume":"14","author":"Ghosh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.3317-3320.2004","article-title":"Real-time PCR assay for detection and genotype differentiation of Giardia lamblia in stool specimens","volume":"42","author":"Guy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.04.019","article-title":"Increased incidence of nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London: 2008\u20132013","volume":"21","author":"Nabarro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.1.114-128.2001","article-title":"Treatment of giardiasis","volume":"14","author":"Gardner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0911.030084","article-title":"Triosephosphate isomerase gene characterization and potential zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis","volume":"9","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-293R","article-title":"Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from humans and dogs from Mexico using a beta-giardin nested polymerase chain reaction assay","volume":"91","author":"Lalle","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0020","volume-title":"Applied regresion analysis and other multivariable methods","author":"Kleimbaun","year":"2007"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e682","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000682","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of albendazole compared with metronidazole as treatments for infections with Giardia duodenalis","volume":"4","author":"Solaymani-Mohammadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.1.150-164.2001","article-title":"Drug targets and mechanisms of resistance in the anaerobic protozoa","volume":"14","author":"Upcroft","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2012.10.004","article-title":"Refractory giardiasis in Spanish travellers","volume":"11","author":"Munoz Gutierrez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1348(02)00149-1","article-title":"Genetic diversity within the morphological species Giardia intestinalis and its relationship to host origin","volume":"3","author":"Monis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.142236","article-title":"Refractory giardiasis: a molecular appraisal from a tertiary care centre in India","volume":"32","author":"Yadav","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.05.015","article-title":"In vitro resistance to 5-nitroimidazoles and benzimidazoles in Giardia duodenalis: variability and variation in gene expression","volume":"9","author":"Arguello-Garcia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.825","article-title":"Imported giardiasis: impact of international travel, immigration, and adoption","volume":"72","author":"Ekdahl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O972","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12626","article-title":"Rapid clearance of Giardia lamblia DNA from the gut after successful treatment","volume":"20","author":"van den Bijllaardt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000277","article-title":"Intraepithelial giardia intestinalis: a case report and literature review","volume":"93","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Gordillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O135","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12327","article-title":"A family cluster of giardiasis with variable treatment responses: refractory giardiasis in a family after a trip to India","volume":"20","author":"Requena-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1086\/320886","article-title":"Treatment of patients with refractory giardiasis","volume":"33","author":"Nash","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198203000-00029","article-title":"Quinacrine-induced psychiatric disturbances","volume":"75","author":"Weisholtz","year":"1982","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0033","first-page":"63","article-title":"Toxic psychoses following atabrine","volume":"86","author":"Gaskill","year":"1945","journal-title":"Bull U S Army Med Dep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1947.02300320088005","article-title":"Effect of quinacrine (atabrine) on the central nervous system; clinical and electroencephalographic studies","volume":"58","author":"Engel","year":"1947","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2008.01.013","article-title":"Treatment-ladder and genetic characterisation of parasites in refractory giardiasis after an outbreak in Norway","volume":"56","author":"Morch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328143749_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6366","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i39.6366","article-title":"Randomized clinical study of five days apostrophe therapy with mebendazole compared to quinacrine in the treatment of symptomatic giardiasis in children","volume":"12","author":"Canete","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/215\/6\/946\/13924226\/jix066.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T02:59:43Z","timestamp":1568775583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/215\/6\/946\/2970306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jix066","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]]}}}