{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:43:56Z","timestamp":1790502236479,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]],"date-time":"2017-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health\u2019s Fogarty International Center","award":["1 D43 TW007585-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 D43 TW007585-01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We assessed immunity against polioviruses induced with a new Pakistani poliovirus immunization schedule and compared it to alternative poliovirus immunization schedules.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Newborns were randomized to undergo vaccination based on 1 of 5 vaccination schedules, with doses administered at birth and at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. Arm A received inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) at all time points. Arm B received bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV) at all time points. Arms C and D received bOPV at the first 3 time points and bOPV plus IPV at the final time point (the current schedule). Arm E received trivalent OPV (tOPV) at all time points. At 22 weeks of age, all children received 1 challenge dose of tOPV, and children in arm D received 1 additional IPV dose. Sera were analyzed for the presence of poliovirus neutralizing antibodies at birth and 14 and 22 weeks of age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Seroconversion for poliovirus type 1 (PV1) at 22 weeks of age was observed in 80% of individuals in arm A, 97% in arm B, 94% in arm C, 96% in arm D, and 94% in arm E; for PV2, seroconversion frequencies were 84%, 19%, 53%, 49%, and 93%, respectively; and for PV3, seroconversion frequencies were 93%, 94%, 98%, 94%, and 85%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The current immunization schedule in Pakistan induced high seroconversion rates for PV1 and PV3; however, it induced PV2 seroconversion in only half of study subjects. There is a growing cohort of young children in Pakistan who are unprotected against PV2; and this creates an increasing risk of a large-scale outbreak of poliomyelitis caused by circulating vaccine-derived PV2.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T20:19:34Z","timestamp":1509567574000},"page":"443-450","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Immunogenicity of Different Routine Poliovirus Vaccination Schedules: A Randomized, Controlled Trial in Karachi, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"217","author":[{"given":"Ali F","family":"Saleem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ondrej","family":"Mach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polio Eradication Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad T","family":"Yousafzai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asia","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William C","family":"Weldon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Steven Oberste","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed S","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad M","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farheen","family":"Quadri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland W","family":"Sutter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polio Eradication Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita K M","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020043006255676900_CIT0001"},{"key":"2020043006255676900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6535a3","article-title":"Cessation of Trivalent Oral Poliovirus Vaccine and Introduction of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine - Worldwide, 2016","volume":"65","author":"Hampton","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020043006255676900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S434","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu222","article-title":"The new polio eradication end game: rationale and supporting evidence","volume":"210","author":"Sutter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020043006255676900_CIT0004","author":"WHO"},{"key":"2020043006255676900_CIT0005","author":"NIPS"},{"key":"2020043006255676900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3292-4_8","article-title":"Standardized methods for detection of poliovirus antibodies","volume":"1387","author":"Weldon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2020043006255676900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00093-6","article-title":"Monovalent type-1 oral poliovirus vaccine given at short intervals in Pakistan: a randomised controlled, four-arm, open-label, non-inferiority trial","volume":"15","author":"Mir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020043006255676900_CIT0008","volume-title":"Dept. of Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals. 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