{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:44:05Z","timestamp":1790664245838,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,7]],"date-time":"2018-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,6]],"date-time":"2018-04-06T11:35:23Z","timestamp":1523014523000},"page":"679-687","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Does BCG Vaccination Protect Against Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"218","author":[{"given":"Petra","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Research Group, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Basel Children\u2019s Hospital, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Finn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health Sciences and School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Bristol Children\u2019s Vaccine Centre, United Kingdom"},{"name":"University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Research Group, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0001","author":"Bacterio.Net"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0147513","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147513","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in children\u2014epidemiology, diagnosis and management at a tertiary center","volume":"11","author":"Tebruegge","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1404.060570","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium lymphadenopathy among children, Sweden","volume":"14","author":"Thegerstr\u00f6m","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1086\/422319","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in children: a 2-year prospective surveillance study in the Netherlands","volume":"39","author":"Haverkamp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0005","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0802.010119","article-title":"Buruli ulcer in Ghana: results of a national case search","volume":"8","author":"Amofah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0007","first-page":"46","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of Buruli ulcer in Cote d\u2019Ivoire: results of a national survey","volume":"94","author":"Kanga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0008","author":"Services\u2005VHaH."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2014.10.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of human pulmonary infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria: a review","volume":"36","author":"Prevots","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00114004","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacteria in non-HIV patients: epidemiology, treatment and response","volume":"23","author":"Henry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2009.08.029","article-title":"Treatment patterns of pediatric nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) cervical lymphadenitis as reported by nationwide surveys of pediatric otolaryngology and infectious disease societies","volume":"74","author":"Pilkington","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1610.091201","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infections","volume":"16","author":"Thomson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2700","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"339","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0015","first-page":"1389","article-title":"Prophylactic effect of Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination against osteomyelitis in children with Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer)","volume":"9","author":"Portaels","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8479(05)80028-0","article-title":"Atypical mycobacteria in extrapulmonary disease among children. Incidence in Sweden from 1969 to 1990, related to changing BCG-vaccination coverage","volume":"76","author":"Romanus","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tuber Lung Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8479(94)90080-9","article-title":"Six years\u2019 experience with the discontinuation of BCG vaccination. 4. Protective effect of BCG vaccination against the Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex","volume":"75","author":"Trnka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Tuber Lung Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-3879(87)90070-5","article-title":"Neonatal BCG vaccination and mycobacterial cervical adenitis in childhood","volume":"68","author":"Katila","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tubercle"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0019","first-page":"111","article-title":"BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer). First results of a trial in Uganda","volume":"1","author":"Bradley","year":"1969","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(76)90128-0","article-title":"The protective effect of BCG against Mycobacterium ulcerans disease: a controlled trial in an endemic area of Uganda","volume":"70","author":"Smith","year":"1976","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3457","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003457","article-title":"Effectiveness of routine BCG vaccination on Buruli ulcer disease: a case-control study in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana and Togo","volume":"9","author":"Phillips","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.768","article-title":"BCG vaccine effectiveness against Buruli ulcer: a case-control study in Benin","volume":"75","author":"Nackers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.1.62-65.2004","article-title":"Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination as prophylaxis against Mycobacterium ulcerans osteomyelitis in Buruli ulcer disease","volume":"72","author":"Portaels","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70412-1","article-title":"The role of BCG in prevention of leprosy: a meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Setia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1086\/429623","article-title":"Risk factors for Buruli ulcer disease (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection): results from a case-control study in Ghana","volume":"40","author":"Raghunathan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90272-R","article-title":"Epidemiology of Buruli ulcer in Amansie West district, Ghana","volume":"87","author":"Amofah","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1209.050598","article-title":"Risk factors for Buruli ulcer, Benin","volume":"12","author":"Debacker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0028","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-99.x","article-title":"Cross-reactive immune responses against Mycobacterium bovis BCG in mice infected with non-tuberculous mycobacteria belonging to the MAIS-Group","volume":"46","author":"Lozes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.44.1.28-32.1984","article-title":"Efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination in mice undergoing prior pulmonary infection with atypical mycobacteria","volume":"44","author":"Orme","year":"1984","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-3879(85)90049-2","article-title":"Does infection with environmental mycobacteria suppress the protective response to subsequent vaccination with BCG","volume":"66","author":"Smith","year":"1985","journal-title":"Tubercle"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.520","article-title":"Buruli ulcer disease in Cameroon rediscovered","volume":"70","author":"Noeske","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0033","first-page":"35","article-title":"The distribution and implications of BCG scars in northern Malawi","volume":"67","author":"Fine","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0034","first-page":"1133","article-title":"BCG scars in northern Malawi: sensitivity and repeatability of scar reading, and factors affecting scar size","volume":"4","author":"Floyd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102003000200015","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of the BCG scar reading","volume":"37","author":"Pereira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90748-X","article-title":"Delayed-type hypersensitivity, mycobacterial vaccines and protective immunity","volume":"344","author":"Fine","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12614","article-title":"Tuberculin reaction and BCG scar: association with infant mortality","volume":"20","author":"Timmermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.10.022","article-title":"Vaccination technique, PPD reaction and BCG scarring in a cohort of children born in Guinea-Bissau 2000\u20132002","volume":"23","author":"Roth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201104-0714OC","article-title":"The influence of bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine strain on the immune response against tuberculosis: a randomized trial","volume":"185","author":"Ritz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32567","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032567","article-title":"Comparative tuberculosis (TB) prevention effectiveness in children of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccines from different sources, Kazakhstan","volume":"7","author":"Favorov","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ454","article-title":"Editorial commentary: different strains of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine have very different effects on tuberculosis and on unrelated infections","volume":"61","author":"Shann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)02166-6","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of single BCG, repeated BCG, or combined BCG and killed Mycobacterium leprae vaccine for prevention of leprosy and tuberculosis in Malawi. Karonga Prevention Trial Group","volume":"348","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.1966.67.4.503","article-title":"Effect of BCG vaccination on experimental infection with M. avium","volume":"67","author":"Engbaek","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-3879(85)90076-5","article-title":"Prophylactic effect in mice of BCG vaccination against nontuberculous mycobacterial infections","volume":"66","author":"Orme","year":"1985","journal-title":"Tubercle"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-3879(85)90064-9","article-title":"Protection to mice afforded by BCG vaccines against an aerogenic challenge by three mycobacteria of decreasing virulence","volume":"66","author":"Collins","year":"1985","journal-title":"Tubercle"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e985","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000985","article-title":"BCG-mediated protection against Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in the mouse","volume":"5","author":"Converse","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5403","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.9.5403-5411.2001","article-title":"Protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding antigen 85A from Mycobacterium bovis BCG against Buruli ulcer","volume":"69","author":"Tanghe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004046","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004046","article-title":"Recombinant BCG expressing Mycobacterium ulcerans Ag85A imparts enhanced protection against experimental Buruli ulcer","volume":"9","author":"Hart","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01708.x","article-title":"Comparative protective effects of recombinant DNA and Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccines against M. avium infection","volume":"126","author":"Martin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180724083912_CIT0050","first-page":"73","article-title":"BCG vaccines: WHO position paper\u2014February 2018","volume":"93","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/218\/5\/679\/25206873\/jiy207.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T05:51:24Z","timestamp":1604123484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/218\/5\/679\/4964710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,7]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiy207","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,7]]}}}