{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T11:01:43Z","timestamp":1782817303018,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]],"date-time":"2018-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DA036267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DA036267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 MH058107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 MH058107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UCLA Clinical and Translational Science Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2 TR001882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2 TR001882"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UCLA AIDS Institute and Center for AIDS Research (CFAR)"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AI028697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AI028697"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CFAR Microbiome and Mucosal Immunology Core"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection alters the human intestinal microbiome; however, behavioral factors driving these changes remain poorly defined. Here we examine the effects of substance use and sex behavior on the microbiome during HIV-1 infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Archival rectal swab specimens, urine drug test results, and responses to substance use and sex behavior questionnaires were obtained from 37 HIV-positive participants at 2 time points, separated by 6 months, in a cohort examining the effects of substance use in men who have sex with men (MSM). Microbiome profiling was performed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, and associations with behavioral factors were examined using 0-inflated negative binomial regression. Further analysis of selected variables of interest was performed using propensity scores to account for multiple confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using permutational multivariate analysis of variance, we found that receptive anal intercourse, methamphetamine use, and marijuana use were among the most important drivers of microbiome variation. Propensity score\u2013adjusted analyses revealed that methamphetamine use and marijuana use displayed unique associations; methamphetamine use was associated with an increased abundance of Porphyromonas and Granulicatella organisms and a decreased abundance of Ruminococcus, Collinsella, and Parabacteroides organisms, whereas marijuana use was associated with an increased abundance of Ruminococcus, Clostridium cluster IV, Solobacterium, and Fusobacterium organisms and a decreased abundance of Acidaminococcus, Prevotella, Dialister, Anaerostipes, and Dorea organisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drug use and sex behavior are important factors associated with intestinal dysbiosis during chronic HIV-1 infection among young MSM.<\/jats:p>\n                  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