{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:02:49Z","timestamp":1787162569689,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,23]],"date-time":"2019-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health Tropical Medicine Research Center","award":["U19 AI074321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI074321"]}]},{"name":"Queensland State Government"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani requires interferon-\u03b3 production by CD4+ T cells. In VL patients, antiparasitic CD4+ T-cell responses are ineffective for unknown reasons. In this study, we measured the expression of genes associated with various immune functions in these cells from VL patients and compared them to CD4+ T cells from the same patients after drug treatment and from endemic controls. We found reduced GATA3, RORC, and FOXP3 gene expression in CD4+ T cells of VL patients, associated with reduced Th2, Th17, and FOXP3+CD4+ T regulatory cell frequencies in VL patient blood. Interleukin 2 (IL-2) was an important upstream regulator of CD4+ T cells from VL patients, and functional studies demonstrated the therapeutic potential of IL-2 for improving antiparasitic immunity. Together, these results provide new insights into the characteristics of CD4+ T cells from VL patients that can be used to improve antiparasitic immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T07:10:35Z","timestamp":1550560235000},"page":"163-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Interleukin 2 is an Upstream Regulator of CD4+ T Cells From Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients With Therapeutic Potential"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"220","author":[{"given":"Shashi Bhushan","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Praadesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Faleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"Institute of 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Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhukar","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Praadesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaya","family":"Chakravarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Praadesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sacks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Nylen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska 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