{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:23:25Z","timestamp":1787009005604,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands","award":["12454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12454"]}]},{"name":"De Grote Onderneming"},{"name":"Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Heineken Africa Foundation"},{"name":"Jura Foundation"},{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research","award":["W07.10.101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W07.10.101"]}]},{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research","award":["W07.10.106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W07.10.106"]}]},{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research","award":["91615036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91615036"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We evaluated immune biomarker profiles in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2013infected adults (n = 398) from 5 African countries. Although all biomarkers decreased after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, levels of C-X-C chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, C-reactive protein, soluble CD163, and soluble scavenger receptor CD14 were significantly higher during ART than in an HIV-uninfected reference group (n = 90), indicating persistent monocyte\/macrophage activation, inflammation, and microbial translocation. Before ART initiation, high HIV viral load was associated with elevated CXCL10 and tuberculosis coinfection was associated with elevated soluble CD14. High pre-ART levels of each biomarker strongly predicted residual immune activation during ART. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, C-reactive protein, and interleukin 6 were differentially expressed between countries. Further research is needed on the clinical implications of residual immune dysregulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T07:07:36Z","timestamp":1557731256000},"page":"1029-1033","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Plasma Biomarkers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2013Related Systemic Inflammation and Immune Activation in Sub-Saharan Africa Before and During Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"220","author":[{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Kroeze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and Department of Global Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand W","family":"Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and Department of Global Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa M","family":"Rossouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen C","family":"Steel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cissy M","family":"Kityo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, 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for Global Health and Development and Department of Global Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"African Society of Laboratory Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Reiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and Department of Global Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias F","family":"Rinke de Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and Department of Global Health, Amsterdam, the 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