{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:02:46Z","timestamp":1773532966589,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/open-government-licence\/version\/2\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1084298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1084298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The MenAfriNet consortium was established in 2014 to support implementation of case-based meningitis surveillance in 5 countries in the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa: Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Niger, and Togo. Assessing surveillance performance is critical for interpretation of the collected data and implementation of future surveillance-strengthening initiatives.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Detailed epidemiologic and laboratory data were collected on suspected meningitis cases through case-based meningitis surveillance in participating districts in 5 countries. Performance of case-based surveillance was evaluated through sensitivity of case ascertainment in case-based versus aggregate meningitis surveillance and an analysis of surveillance indicators.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From 2015 to 2017, 18 262 suspected meningitis cases were identified through case-based surveillance and 16 262 were identified through aggregate surveillance, for a case ascertainment sensitivity of 112.3%. Among suspected cases, 16 885 (92.5%) had a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimen collected, 13 625 (80.7%) of which were received at a national reference laboratory. Among these, 13 439 (98.6%) underwent confirmatory testing, and, of those tested, 4371 (32.5%) were confirmed for a bacterial pathogen.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall strong performance for case ascertainment, CSF collection, and laboratory confirmation provide evidence for the quality of MenAfriNet case-based surveillance in evaluating epidemiologic trends and informing future vaccination strategies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T19:10:09Z","timestamp":1562008209000},"page":"S155-S164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Improving Case-Based Meningitis Surveillance in 5 Countries in the Meningitis Belt of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2015\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"220","author":[{"given":"Sarah A","family":"Mbaeyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clement","family":"Lingani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, AFRO Intercountry Support Team for West Africa, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alpha Oumar","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brice","family":"Bicaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 du Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasmata","family":"Ou\u00e9draogo-Traor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 du Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahamat","family":"Acyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique du Tchad, N\u2019Djamena"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kadidja","family":"Gamougame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique du Tchad, N\u2019Djamena"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oumou","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de l\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Publique du Mali, Bamako, Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Souleymane","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de l\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Publique du Mali, Bamako, Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maman","family":"Zaneidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique du Niger, Niamey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fati","family":"Sidikou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique du Niger, Niamey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Nikiema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Protection Sociale du Togo, Lom\u00e9"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adodo Yao","family":"Sadji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Protection Sociale du Togo, Lom\u00e9"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavien","family":"Ak\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davycas International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Tarbangdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davycas International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Souleymane","family":"Sakande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence de M\u00e9decine Pr\u00e9ventive, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoua","family":"Tall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence de M\u00e9decine Pr\u00e9ventive, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berthe-Marie","family":"Njanpop-Lafourcade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence de M\u00e9decine Pr\u00e9ventive, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Mo\u00efsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence de M\u00e9decine Pr\u00e9ventive, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aboubacar","family":"N\u2019diaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Intercountry Support Team for Central Africa, Libreville, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ado","family":"Bwaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, AFRO Intercountry Support Team for West Africa, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Bita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, AFRO Intercountry Support Team for West Africa, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katya","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Poy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heidi M","family":"Soeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeni","family":"Vuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Ronveaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"MenAfriNet Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020071622480630700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90106-2","article-title":"Manson lecture. 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Park","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020071622480630700_CIT0011","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Evaluation of meningitis surveillance before introduction of serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine\u2014Burkina Faso and Mali","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020071622480630700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.09.006","article-title":"Scaling up of PCR-based surveillance of bacterial meningitis in the African meningitis belt: indisputable benefits of multiplex PCR assay in Niger","volume":"100","author":"Chanteau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020071622480630700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz308","article-title":"MenAfriNet: a network supporting case-based meningitis surveillance and vaccine evaluation in the meningitis belt of Africa","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020071622480630700_CIT0014","volume-title":"Technical guidelines for integrated disease surveillance and response in the African region","author":"World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2020071622480630700_CIT0015","volume-title":"Standard operating procedures for enhanced meningitis surveillance in Africa","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"2020071622480630700_CIT0016","volume-title":"MenAfriNet toolkit.","author":"MenAfriNet Consortium"},{"key":"2020071622480630700_CIT0017","article-title":"The strengthening of laboratory systems in the meningitis belt to improve meningitis surveillance, 2008-2018: a partners\u2019 perspective","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020071622480630700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0187466","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187466","article-title":"Bacterial meningitis epidemiology and return of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A cases in Burkina Faso in the five years following MenAfriVac mass vaccination campaign","volume":"12","author":"Diallo","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020071622480630700_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.12.002","article-title":"Early impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis-Burkina Faso, 2014\u20132015","volume":"76","author":"Kambire","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2020071622480630700_CIT0020","unstructured":"Ilboudo\n              P\n            , Hatcher C, TallH, et al\n          Costing assessment of MenAfriNet case-based meningitis surveillance\n           in Burkina Faso. 15th Annual Meeting on Surveillance, Preparedness, and Response to Meningitis Outbreaks in Africa (Dakar, Senegal)."},{"key":"2020071622480630700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.10.045","article-title":"The actual and potential costs of meningitis surveillance in the African meningitis belt: results from Chad and Niger","volume":"34","author":"Irurzun-Lopez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2020071622480630700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz376","article-title":"Development and implementation of a cloud-based meningitis surveillance and specimen tracking system in Burkina Faso, 2018","author":"Diallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020071622480630700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2210.160731","article-title":"Case-fatality rates and sequelae resulting from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C epidemic, Niger, 2015","volume":"22","author":"Coldiron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect 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