{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:48:48Z","timestamp":1790401728150,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005036","name":"University of Bergen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010586","name":"Haukeland University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Care Services, Norway, the Norwegian Research Council Globvac","award":["284930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["284930"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["601738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["601738"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IMI115672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMI115672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EU Nanomedicines Flunanoair","award":["i JTC2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["i JTC2016"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004257","name":"Helse Vest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Influenza remains a major threat to public health. Live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) have been shown to be effective, particularly in children. Follicular T helper (TFH) cells provide B-cell help and are crucial for generating long-term humoral immunity. However the role of TFH cells in LAIV-induced immune responses is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collected tonsils, plasma, and saliva samples from children and adults receiving LAIV prior to tonsillectomy. We measured influenza-specific TFH-cell responses after LAIV by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Systemic and local antibody responses were analysed by hemagglutination inhibition assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report that LAIV induced early (3\u20137 days post-vaccination) activation of tonsillar follicles and influenza-specific TFH-cell (CXCR5+CD57+CD4+ T cell) responses in children, and to a lesser extent in adults. Serological analyses showed that LAIV elicited rapid (day 14) and long-term (up to 1 year post-vaccination) antibody responses (hemagglutination inhibition, influenza-specific IgG) in children, but not adults. There was an inverse correlation between pre-existing influenza-specific salivary IgA concentrations and tonsillar TFH-cell responses, and a positive correlation between tonsillar TFH-cell and systemic IgG induction after LAIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data, taken together, demonstrate an important role of tonsillar TFH cells in LAIV-induced immunity in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T16:12:15Z","timestamp":1561479135000},"page":"21-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Induces Tonsillar Follicular T Helper Cell Responses That Correlate With Antibody Induction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"221","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lartey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Center, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9918-3422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Center, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines Research, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl A","family":"Brokstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin G-I","family":"Mohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Center, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen A","family":"Slettevoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Center, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishi D","family":"Pathirana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Center, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Center, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"K.G. 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