{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T08:12:02Z","timestamp":1780906322219,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MenAfriNet consortium"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Gavi the Vaccine Alliance"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A novel meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MACV [MenAfriVac]) was developed as part of efforts to prevent frequent meningitis outbreaks in the African meningitis belt. The MACV was first used widely and with great success, beginning in December 2010, during initial deployment in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. Since then, MACV rollout has continued in other countries in the meningitis belt through mass preventive campaigns and, more recently, introduction into routine childhood immunization programs associated with extended catch-up vaccinations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We reviewed country reports on MACV campaigns and routine immunization data reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Africa from 2010 to 2018, as well as country plans for MACV introduction into routine immunization programs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>By the end of 2018, 304 894 726 persons in 22 of 26 meningitis belt countries had received MACV through mass preventive campaigns targeting individuals aged 1\u201329 years. Eight of these countries have introduced MACV into their national routine immunization programs, including 7 with catch-up vaccinations for birth cohorts born after the initial rollout. The Central African Republic introduced MACV into its routine immunization program immediately after the mass 1- to 29-year-old vaccinations in 2017 so no catch-up was needed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From 2010 to 2018, successful rollout of MACV has been recorded in 22 countries through mass preventive campaigns followed by introduction into routine immunization programs in 8 of these countries. Efforts continue to complete MACV introduction in the remaining meningitis belt countries to ensure long-term herd protection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]],"date-time":"2019-08-15T15:10:04Z","timestamp":1565881804000},"page":"S140-S147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Status of the Rollout of the Meningococcal Serogroup A Conjugate Vaccine in African Meningitis Belt Countries in 2018"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"220","author":[{"given":"Ado","family":"Bwaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Inter-Country Support Team West Africa, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Bita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Inter-Country Support Team West Africa, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Lingani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Inter-Country Support Team West Africa, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katya","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Infectious Hazard Management, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Durupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Initiative for Vaccine Research, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M","family":"Mwenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Mihigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamoudou H","family":"Djingarey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Infectious Hazard Management, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Ronveaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Infectious Hazard Management, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Pierre","family":"Preziosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Initiative for Vaccine Research, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Meningococcal meningitis. 2015;90:57\u201368. Available at: www.who.int\/wer\/2015\/wer9008\/en. Accessed 3 March 2019."},{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90106-2","article-title":"Manson Lecture. Meningococcal meningitis in Africa","volume":"93","author":"Greenwood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0003","volume-title":"Managing meningitis epidemics in Africa: a quick reference guide for health authorities and health-care workers","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0004","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Meningococcal A conjugate vaccine: updated guidance. 2015. Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/wer\/2015\/wer9008.pdf. Accessed 3 March 2019."},{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0005"},{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S442","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ671","article-title":"Risk assessment and meningococcal a conjugate vaccine introduction in africa: the district prioritization tool","volume":"61","author":"Cibrelus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.07.063","article-title":"The role of National Immunisation Technical Advisory Groups (NITAGs) in strengthening national vaccine decision-making: a comparative case study of Armenia, Ghana, Indonesia, Nigeria, Senegal and Uganda","volume":"36","author":"Howard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0008","first-page":"38","article-title":"Impact of controlled temperature chain (CTC) approach on immunization coverage achieved during the preventive vaccination campaign against meningitis A using MenAfriVac in Togo in 2014","volume":"27","author":"Landoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0009","first-page":"1022","article-title":"Serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine coverage after the first national mass immunization campaign-Burkina Faso, 2011","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.01.015","article-title":"From Agadez to Zinder: estimating coverage of the MenAfriVac\u2122 conjugate vaccine against meningococcal serogroup A in Niger, September 2010\u2013January 2012","volume":"31","author":"Caini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29116","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029116","article-title":"Whom and where are we not vaccinating? Coverage after the introduction of a new conjugate vaccine against group A meningococcus in Niger in 2010","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0012","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for Africa\/Inter-Country Support Team West Africa. Meningitis weekly bulletin. Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/meningitis\/epidemiological\/en\/. Accessed 28 July 2018."},{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0013"},{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.073","article-title":"Effectively introducing a new meningococcal A conjugate vaccine in Africa: the Burkina Faso experience","volume":"30","author":"Djingarey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70168-8","article-title":"Serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccination in Burkina Faso: analysis of national surveillance data","volume":"12","author":"Novak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019110101094590700_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43416","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ551","article-title":"Introduction and roll out of a new group A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) in African meningitis belt countries 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