{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T03:55:19Z","timestamp":1778903719789,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa"},{"name":"do PORTUGAL 2020"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Gilead Genesis","award":["UID\/BIM\/50005\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/BIM\/50005\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior"},{"name":"Fundos do Or\u00e7amento de Estado"},{"name":"ONEIDA project","award":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-016417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-016417"]}]},{"name":"\u201cFundos Europeus Estruturais e de Investimento\u201d"},{"name":"\u201cPrograma Operacional Regional Lisboa 2020\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Follicular helper T cells (Tfh), CD4 lymphocytes critical for efficient antibody responses, have been shown to be key human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 reservoirs. Human immunodeficiency virus-2 infection represents a unique naturally occurring model for investigating Tfh role in HIV\/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, given its slow rate of CD4 decline, low to undetectable viremia, and high neutralizing antibody titers throughout the disease course. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, Tfh susceptibility to HIV-2 infection by combining in vitro infection of tonsillar Tfh with the ex vivo study of circulating Tfh from HIV-2-infected patients. We reveal that Tfh support productive HIV-2 infection and are preferential viral targets in HIV-2-infected individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T15:21:42Z","timestamp":1566573702000},"page":"122-126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Follicular Helper T Cells Are Major Human Immunodeficiency Virus-2 Reservoirs and Support Productive Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"221","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Godinho-Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular Jo\u00e3o Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell B","family":"Foxall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana V","family":"Ant\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular Jo\u00e3o Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Serra-Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular Jo\u00e3o Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Matoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana E","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular Jo\u00e3o Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019121321383709600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20121932","article-title":"Follicular helper T cells serve as the major CD4 T cell compartment for HIV-1 infection, replication, and production","volume":"210","author":"Perreau","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2019121321383709600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3781","article-title":"B cell follicle sanctuary permits persistent productive simian immunodeficiency virus infection in elite controllers","volume":"21","author":"Fukazawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2019121321383709600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01921-10","article-title":"Cell-associated viral burden provides evidence of ongoing viral replication in aviremic HIV-2-infected patients","volume":"85","author":"Soares","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2019121321383709600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.6.3400","article-title":"CD4 T cell depletion is linked directly to immune activation in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 but only indirectly to the viral load","volume":"169","author":"Sousa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2019121321383709600_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.10.028","article-title":"How does the humoral response to HIV-2 infection differ from HIV-1 and can this explain the distinct natural history of infection with these two human retroviruses?","volume":"163","author":"Makvandi-Nejad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"2019121321383709600_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03047-14","article-title":"Thymic HIV-2 infection uncovers posttranscriptional control of viral replication in human thymocytes","volume":"89","author":"Nunes-Caba\u00e7o","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2019121321383709600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02883-15","article-title":"Peripheral T follicular helper cells are the major HIV reservoir within central memory CD4 T cells in peripheral blood from chronically HIV-infected individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy","volume":"90","author":"Pallikkuth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2019121321383709600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00376","article-title":"HIV-1 and SIV predominantly use CCR5 expressed on a precursor population to establish infection in T follicular helper cells","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2019121321383709600_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4622(02)00057-1","article-title":"Polybrene increases retrovirus gene transfer efficiency by enhancing receptor-independent virus adsorption on target cell membranes","volume":"97","author":"Davis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biophys Chem"},{"key":"2019121321383709600_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502174","article-title":"Germinal center T follicular helper cells are highly permissive to HIV-1 and alter their phenotype during virus replication","volume":"196","author":"Kohler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2019121321383709600_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003853","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003853","article-title":"Loss of circulating CD4 T cells with B cell helper function during chronic HIV infection","volume":"10","author":"Boswell","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2019121321383709600_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/20.1.27","article-title":"Structural features in TAR RNA of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses: a phylogenetic analysis","volume":"20","author":"Berkhout","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2019121321383709600_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64314","article-title":"Expansion of HIV-specific T follicular helper cells in chronic HIV infection","volume":"122","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2019121321383709600_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001661","article-title":"Potency of HIV-2-specific antibodies increase in direct association with loss of memory B cells","volume":"31","author":"Rocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2019121321383709600_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3109","article-title":"Inadequate T follicular cell help impairs B cell immunity during HIV infection","volume":"19","author":"Cubas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiz431\/30131204\/jiz431.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/221\/1\/122\/31516504\/jiz431.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/221\/1\/122\/31516504\/jiz431.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T21:39:20Z","timestamp":1576273160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/221\/1\/122\/5554703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiz431","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.736581712.793568987","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]]}}}