{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T06:35:59Z","timestamp":1781591759796,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI123312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI123312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-17-1-0277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-17-1-0277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery Research","award":["BS.F04.18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS.F04.18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is a significant concern to public health, and there is a pressing need to develop novel antimicrobial therapeutic modalities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, we investigated the capacity for quinine hydrochloride (Q-HCL) to enhance the antimicrobial effects of antimicrobial blue light ([aBL] 405 nm wavelength) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria in vitro and in vivo.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings demonstrated the significant improvement in the inactivation of MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii (planktonic cells and biofilms) when aBL was illuminated during Q-HCL exposure. Furthermore, the addition of Q-HCL significantly potentiated the antimicrobial effects of aBL in a mouse skin abrasion infection model. In addition, combined exposure of aBL and Q-HCL did not result in any significant apoptosis when exposed to uninfected mouse skin.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In conclusion, aBL in combination with Q-HCL may offer a novel approach for the treatment of infections caused by MDR bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T19:30:07Z","timestamp":1569353407000},"page":"618-626","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Quinine Enhances Photo-Inactivation of Gram-Negative Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"221","author":[{"given":"Leon G","family":"Leanse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pu-Ting","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueping S","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 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