{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T11:10:44Z","timestamp":1783768244608,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]],"date-time":"2019-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vaxart Biosciences, Inc."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["56AI106006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["56AI106006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AI109761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI109761"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI056351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI056351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI23946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI23946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RR00046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR00046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM63228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM63228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203268\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203268\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-07410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-07410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are the leading cause of gastroenteritis. No vaccine is currently available to prevent norovirus illness or infection. Safe, infectious challenge strains are needed to assess vaccine efficacy in the controlled human infection model (CHIM).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A stock of HuNoV strain Norwalk virus ([NV] GI.1) was prepared. Healthy, genetically susceptible adults were inoculated with NV Lot 001-09NV and monitored for infection, gastroenteritis symptoms, and immune responses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lot 001-09NV induced gastroenteritis in 9 (56%) and infection in 11 (69%) of 16 genetically susceptible subjects. All infected subjects developed strong immune responses to GI.1 with a 30-fold (geometric mean titer) increase in blocking titers (BT50) and a 161-fold increase in GI.1-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G titers when compared with baseline. GI.1-specific cellular responses in peripheral blood were observed 9 days postchallenge with an average of 3253 IgA and 1227 IgG antibody-secreting cells per million peripheral blood mononuclear cells.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>GI.1 Lot 001-09NV appears to be similar in virulence to previous passages of NV strain 8fIIa. The safety profile, attack rate, and duration of illness make GI.1 Lot 001-09NV a useful challenge strain for future vaccine studies aimed at establishing immune correlates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,13]],"date-time":"2019-10-13T08:41:48Z","timestamp":1570956108000},"page":"919-926","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Production and Clinical Evaluation of Norwalk GI.1 Virus Lot 001-09NV in Norovirus Vaccine Development"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"221","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Mateo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxart, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa C","family":"Lindesmith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaily J","family":"Garg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxart, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxart, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxart, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Said","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxart, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan S","family":"Leon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy C","family":"Sims","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Weber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph S","family":"Baric","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean N","family":"Tucker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxart, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David 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