{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T22:40:33Z","timestamp":1787611233609,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003506","name":"Ministry of Health and Care Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003506","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Norwegian Research Council Globvac","award":["284930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["284930"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IMI 115672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMI 115672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EU Nanomedicines Flunanoair","award":["JTC2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JTC2016"]}]},{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) was licensed for prophylaxis of children 2\u201317 years old in Europe in 2012 and is administered as a nasal spray. Live-attenuated influenza vaccine induces both mucosal and systemic antibodies and systemic T-cell responses. Tonsils are the lymph nodes serving the upper respiratory tract, acting as both induction and effector site for mucosal immunity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we have studied the early tonsillar T-cell responses induced in children after LAIV. Thirty-nine children were immunized with trivalent LAIV (containing A\/H1N1, A\/H3N2, and B viruses) at days 3, 7, and 14 before tonsillectomy. Nonvaccinated controls were included for comparison. Tonsils and peripheral blood (pre- and postvaccination) were collected to study T-cell responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tonsillar and systemic T-cell responses differed between influenza strains, and both were found against H3N2 and B viruses, whereas only systemic responses were observed against A\/H1N1. A significant increase in cross-reactive tonsillar CD8+ T cells recognizing conserved epitopes from a broad range of seasonal and pandemic viruses occurred at day 14. Tonsillar T cells showed significant cytokine responses (Th1, Th2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings support the use of LAIV in children to elicit broadly cross-reactive T cells, which are not induced by traditional inactivated influenza vaccines and may provide protection to novel virus strains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T20:10:25Z","timestamp":1576008625000},"page":"1528-1537","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Early Induction of Cross-Reactive CD8+ T-Cell Responses in Tonsils After Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccination in Children"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"221","author":[{"given":"K G-I","family":"Mohn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"K. G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Emergency Care Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K A","family":"Brokstad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"K. G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Oftung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"T\u00f8ndel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H J","family":"Aarstad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R J","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"K. G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020040709552383600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61051-9","article-title":"Global burden of respiratory infections due to seasonal influenza in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"378","author":"Nair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020040709552383600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198307073090103","article-title":"Cytotoxic T-cell immunity to influenza","volume":"309","author":"McMichael","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020040709552383600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00397-07","article-title":"Correlation of cellular immune responses with protection against culture-confirmed influenza virus in young children","volume":"15","author":"Forrest","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2020040709552383600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201411-1988OC","article-title":"Natural T cell-mediated protection against seasonal and pandemic influenza. 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