{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T10:27:01Z","timestamp":1789900021247,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]],"date-time":"2019-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"German Center for Infection Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8000 201-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8000 201-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"German Center for Infection Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["800 880 3804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["800 880 3804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPPGH5231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPPGH5231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Malaria presents with unspecific clinical symptoms that frequently overlap with other infectious diseases and is also a risk factor for coinfections, such as non-Typhi Salmonella. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests are sensitive but unable to distinguish between an acute infection requiring treatment and asymptomatic malaria with a concomitant infection. We set out to test whether cytokine profiles could predict disease status and allow the differentiation between malaria and a bacterial bloodstream infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We created a classification model based on cytokine concentration levels of pediatric inpatients with either Plasmodium falciparum malaria or a bacterial bloodstream infection using the Luminex platform. Candidate markers were preselected using classification and regression trees, and the predictive strength was calculated through random forest modeling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analyses revealed that a combination of 7\u201315 cytokines exhibited a median disease prediction accuracy of 88% (95th percentile interval, 73%\u2013100%). Haptoglobin, soluble Fas-Ligand, and complement component C2 were the strongest single markers with median prediction accuracies of 82% (with 95th percentile intervals of 71%\u201394%, 62%\u201394%, and 62%\u201394%, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cytokine profiles possess good median disease prediction accuracy and offer new possibilities for the development of innovative point-of-care tests to guide treatment decisions in malaria-endemic regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T20:09:55Z","timestamp":1572984595000},"page":"1098-1106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cytokine Profile Distinguishes Children With Plasmodium falciparum Malaria From Those With Bacterial Blood Stream Infections"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"221","author":[{"given":"Nicole S","family":"Struck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-L\u00fcbeck-Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlow","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-L\u00fcbeck-Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Krumkamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-L\u00fcbeck-Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-L\u00fcbeck-Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni","family":"Rieger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-L\u00fcbeck-Riems, 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