{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T06:14:49Z","timestamp":1780380889655,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]],"date-time":"2019-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CO 1469\/8-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CO 1469\/8-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1469\/10-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1469\/10-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PR 618\/9-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR 618\/9-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic hepatitis B develops more frequently in countries with high prevalence of helminth infections. The crosstalk between these 2 major liver-residing pathogens, Schistosoma mansoni and hepatitis B virus (HBV), is barely understood.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used state-of-the-art models for both acute and chronic HBV infection to study the pathogen-crosstalk during the different immune phases of schistosome infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although liver pathology caused by schistosome infection was not affected by either acute or chronic HBV infection, S mansoni infection influenced HBV infection outcomes in a phase-dependent manner. Interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 secreting, HBV- and schistosome-specific CD8 T cells acted in synergy to reduce HBV-induced pathology during the TH1 phase and chronic phase of schistosomiasis. Consequently, HBV was completely rescued in IFN-\u03b3-deficient or in TH2 phase coinfected mice demonstrating the key role of this cytokine. It is interesting to note that secondary helminth infection on the basis of persistent (chronic) HBV infection increased HBV-specific T-cell frequency and resulted in suppression of virus replication but failed to fully restore T-cell function and eliminate HBV.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thus, schistosome-induced IFN-\u03b3 had a prominent antiviral effect that outcompeted immunosuppressive effects of TH2 cytokines, whereas HBV coinfection did not alter schistosome pathogenicity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T12:07:34Z","timestamp":1577102854000},"page":"1448-1461","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Dynamic, Helminth-Induced Immune Modulation Influences the Outcome of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"221","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Loffredo-Verde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich\/Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonakshi","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Malo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich\/Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Festag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich\/Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna D","family":"Kosinska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich\/Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research, Munich partner site, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Ringelhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Medical Department, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research, Munich partner site, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Rim Sarkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7996-4838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarissa U","family":"Prazeres da Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research, Munich partner site, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020040710053910000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264173","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/264173","article-title":"Schistosome","volume":"2011","author":"Osada","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"2020040710053910000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761998000700047","article-title":"Prognosis of schistosomiasis mansoni patients infected with 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