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A greater understanding into how these altered immune cell phenotypes are developed and could potentially be reversed would provide important insights into improved treatment efficacy for prostate cancer. Here, we report a microfluidic model of the prostate TME that mimics prostate ducts across various stages of prostate cancer progression, with associated stroma and immune cells. Using this platform, we exposed immune cells to a benign prostate TME or a metastatic prostate TME and investigated their metabolism, gene and cytokine expression. Immune cells exposed to the metastatic TME showed metabolic differences with a higher redox ratio indicating a switch to a more glycolytic metabolic profile. These cells also increased expression of pro-tumor response cytokines that have been shown to increase cell migration and angiogenesis such as Interleukin-1 (IL-1) a and Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Lastly, we observed decreased TLR, STAT signaling and TRAIL expression, suggesting that phenotypes derived from exposure to the metastatic TME could have an impaired anti-tumor response. This platform could provide a valuable tool for studying immune cell phenotypes in in vitro tumor microenvironments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/intbio\/zyaa020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T13:44:29Z","timestamp":1602251069000},"page":"250-262","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A bioengineered organotypic prostate model for the study of tumor microenvironment-induced immune cell activation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4404-3382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheena C","family":"Kerr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5556-7803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly M","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amani A","family":"Gillette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan K","family":"Livingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina M","family":"Lugo-Cintron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter F","family":"Favreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan","family":"Florek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian P","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua M","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa C","family":"Skala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Beebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021012712040065100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21590","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Siegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2021012712040065100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2013.04.001","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis and progression of prostate cancer","volume":"40","author":"Schrecengost","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"2021012712040065100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.09.032","article-title":"Survival with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer in the \u201cdocetaxel era\u201d: data from 917 patients in the control arm of the STAMPEDE trial (MRC PR08, 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