{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T07:23:13Z","timestamp":1768720993769,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Donald G. Crosby Endowment in Environmental Chemistry"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The herbicide oxyfluorfen [OXY; 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] recently emerged as a potential solution to combat herbicide resistance in California rice. Proposed as a preemergent applied preflood to soil, products are in development for use with OXY-tolerant rice strains. Currently, OXY is not registered for use with rice and its use in or near aquatic resources is restricted due to its high aquatic toxicity. Before OXY may be registered for use in California rice fields, its potential fate and aquatic risk must be evaluated. Particularly important is the identification of the minimum period water must be held on the field (water holding period) necessary for OXY to dissipate below levels of concern. In this assessment, the environmental fate of OXY and its risk to aquatic organisms under simulated California rice field conditions are characterized. The Pesticides in Flooded Applications Model (PFAM) was used to estimate environmental concentrations based on anticipated use patterns and water management practices in California (e.g., winter flooding, turnover, water holding, etc.). Two California rice field soil conditions were simulated in addition to standard soil conditions used in ecological risk assessment for rice. Results suggest OXY is likely to concentrate in sediment, dissipate slowly, and persist. Water holding period had little effect on paddy and release water concentrations. Risks from water column exposure were generally below levels of concern (LOC) for aquatic animals, whereas risks to aquatic plants, algae, and benthic invertebrates exceeded LOCs under all conditions evaluated. California rice field soil conditions were also associated with less risk compared with standard conditions. Reduced application rates were sufficient to reduce risk to acceptable levels in some situations. However, holding times up to 30 days had no effect on risk outcomes, suggesting water management needs of growers should be strongly considered when stipulating water holding periods for OXY.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/inteam\/vjae001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T09:25:26Z","timestamp":1736155526000},"page":"172-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Environmental fate and aquatic risk assessment of oxyfluorfen in California rice fields"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9736-215X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J","family":"Bonnar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California , Davis, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald S","family":"Tjeerdema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California , Davis, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1021\/acsagscitech.3c00341","article-title":"Soil-water partitioning behavior of oxyfluorfen under California rice field conditions","volume":"3","author":"Bonnar","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Agricultural Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1614\/WS-D-16-00079.1","article-title":"Predicting yield losses in rice mixed-weed species infestations in California","volume":"65","author":"Brim-DeForest","year":"2017","journal-title":"Weed Science"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B3","author":"California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR)","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.4741","article-title":"Qualitative analysis of the most locally relevant runoff and erosion parameters for constructing Brazilian scenarios","volume":"19","author":"Casallanovo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136006","article-title":"Toxicological effects, environmental behaviors and remediation technologies of herbicide atrazine in soil and sediment: A comprehensive review","volume":"307","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/wbm.12262","article-title":"Herbicide-resistant barnyardgrass (Eichinochloa crus-galli) in global rice production","volume":"23","author":"Damalas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Weed Biol Manag"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00440-5","article-title":"Effect of the herbicides oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen on phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and their persistence in rice fields","volume":"53","author":"Das","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B8","volume-title":"Conservation in Ricelands of North America","author":"Eadie","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2005.0158","article-title":"Importance of soil organic matter fractions in soil-landscape and regional assessments of pesticide sorption and leaching in soil","volume":"70","author":"Farenhorst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Science Society of America Journal"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4905","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7111","article-title":"Assessment of oxyfluorfen-tolerant rice systems and implications for rice-weed management in California","volume":"78","author":"Galvin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pest Management Science"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3733\/ca.v056n06p189","article-title":"Rice is more sensitive to salinity than previously thought","volume":"56","author":"Grattan","year":"2002","journal-title":"California Agriculture"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10333-005-0026-2","article-title":"The California rice cropping system: agronomic and natural resource issues for long-term sustainability","volume":"4","author":"Hill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Paddy and Water Environment"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B13","volume-title":"Rice production manual","author":"Lindquist","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168439","article-title":"Spatial distribution and ecological-health risks associated with herbicides in soils and crop kernels of the black soil region in China","volume":"908","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2017.09.016","article-title":"Spatio-temporal salinity dynamics and yield response of rice in water-seeded rice fields","volume":"195","author":"Marcos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agricultural Water Management"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/agrochemicals2010003","article-title":"Oxyfluorfen and linuron: Residual effect of pre-emergence herbicides in three tropical soils","volume":"2","author":"Paula","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agrochemicals"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/es940683g","article-title":"Mechanisms of slow sorption of organic chemicals to natural particles","volume":"30","author":"Pignatello","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B18","volume-title":"Herbicide Handbook","author":"Shaner","year":"2014","edition":"10th ed."},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113486","article-title":"A sensitivity analysis of pesticide concentrations in California Central Valley vernal pools","volume":"257","author":"Sinnathamby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/02772240802269096","article-title":"Persistence of oxyfluorfen in soil and detection of its residues in rice crop","volume":"91","author":"Sondhia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B21","volume-title":"Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B22","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B23","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B24","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B25","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B26","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B27","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B28","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B29","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B30","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B31","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B32","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131304","article-title":"Can the multi-walled carbon nanotubes be used to alleviate the phytotoxicity of herbicides in soils?","volume":"283","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025020409063053800_vjae001-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10666-012-9311-9","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a regulatory model for pesticides in flooded applications","volume":"17","author":"Young","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environmental Modeling & Assessment"}],"container-title":["Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/inteam\/vjae001\/61330793\/vjae001.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/article-pdf\/21\/1\/172\/61330793\/vjae001.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/article-pdf\/21\/1\/172\/61330793\/vjae001.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T09:06:46Z","timestamp":1738660006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/article\/21\/1\/172\/7942783"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/inteam\/vjae001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-3777","1551-3793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-3777","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-3793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}}}