{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T08:18:14Z","timestamp":1783325894805,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dutch Open University and partly by funds received from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["101003954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003954"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tire wear particles are a major source of microplastic emissions, making effective mitigation an urgent topic. Mitigation strategies are complex, as they involve multiple dimensions, trade-offs, and potential unintended consequences. To address this, we developed a system dynamics model to predict the environmental release of tire wear particles and evaluate the impact of intervention strategies, parameterized for the Netherlands. By including both key and secondary impact indicators, the model allows assessment not only of the environmental tire wear particle release but also of broader consequences such as road safety and carbon dioxide emissions. The model was constructed through a combination of literature review, expert consultation, and stakeholder engagement, which enhanced both the model structure and its practical relevance. Backcasting and validation confirmed its structural and behavioral soundness. Two hypothetical policy scenarios illustrate the model\u2019s ability to explore system-wide effects and identify effective interventions. Although developed for the Netherlands, the approach is transferable to other regions, providing a flexible tool for analyzing mitigation strategies. Methodologically, the study demonstrates how system dynamics can be applied to complex microplastic challenges by integrating technical modeling with social dimensions, such as mobility trends and driving behavior. In practice, the model can provide a foundation for stakeholders to systematically compare and evaluate tire wear particle mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/inteam\/vjag021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T04:34:34Z","timestamp":1771043674000},"page":"1145-1158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A system dynamics model for evaluating tire wear particle mitigation strategies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0555-6430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sya","family":"Hoeke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Open University Environmental Science, , Heerlen,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jikke","family":"van Wijnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Open University Environmental Science, , Heerlen,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Krikke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Open University Management Science, , Heerlen,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ansje J","family":"L\u00f6hr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Open University Environmental Science, , Heerlen,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6200-6366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad M J","family":"Ragas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Environmental Science, , Nijmegen,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070603520562000_vjag021-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2019.07.010","article-title":"Analyzing effects of transport policies on travelers\u2019 rational behaviour for modal shift in Denmark","volume":"7","author":"Ahanchian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Studies on Transport Policy"},{"key":"2026070603520562000_vjag021-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2014.05.016","article-title":"A critical review and assessment of eco-driving policy & technology: Benefits & limitations","volume":"35","author":"Alam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transport Policy"},{"key":"2026070603520562000_vjag021-B3","volume-title":"Systems thinking basics","author":"Anderson","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026070603520562000_vjag021-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137823","article-title":"Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP)\u2014A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment","volume":"733","author":"Baensch-Baltruschat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026070603520562000_vjag021-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-01919-7","volume-title":"Systems mapping","author":"Barbrook-Johnson","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026070603520562000_vjag021-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167195","article-title":"Review of emerging contaminants in green stormwater infrastructure: Antibiotic resistance genes, microplastics, tire wear particles, PFAS, and temperature","volume":"906","author":"Bodus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026070603520562000_vjag021-B7","author":"Boucher","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026070603520562000_vjag021-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26356\/microplastics","volume-title":"Workshop on microplastics from tyre wear: Knowledge, mitigation measures, and policy options. 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