{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T17:01:13Z","timestamp":1780938073154,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With the increasing complexity and diversity of environmentally hazardous chemicals, the availability of quantitative ecotoxicity data has become essential for soil risk management. Fluoride is widely used and its aquatic toxicity well understood, but quantitative soil ecotoxicity data remain scarce, limiting the establishment of soil protection values. To address this data gap, this study generated acute ecotoxicological data for fluoride using the soil alga Chlorococcum infusionum (primary producer) and the springtail Folsomia candida (decomposer) and compared species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) with and without soil alga and springtail. Fluoride exposure reduced algal photosynthetic pigment concentrations for six\u2009days and survival of springtail for 14\u2009days. Fluoride exposure significantly reduced algal photosynthetic pigments (six-day 50% effective concentration: 919.7\u2009mg\/kg for chlorophyll a, 943.7\u2009mg\/kg for chlorophyll b, and 988.3\u2009mg\/kg for carotenoid) and springtail survival (14-day 50% lethal concentration: 539.3\u2009mg\/kg), with an SSD-derived fifth percentile hazard concentration value of 55\u2009mg\/kg (based on an organic matter content of 3.4%) considering four taxonomic groups. This finding indicates that the newly generated toxicity data for soil algae and springtail facilitate the establishment of a reliable SSD model. The results provide scientific evidence to support the development of soil health indicators and regulatory benchmarks for managing fluoride contamination in terrestrial ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/inteam\/vjag063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T03:53:30Z","timestamp":1777089210000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reassessing soil ecotoxicity of fluoride: Integrating species sensitivity distribution and organic matter correction with an expanded toxicity dataset"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Sun-Hwa","family":"Nam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University , Seoul,","place":["Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Human and Eco Care Center, Konkuk University , Seoul,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubeen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University , Seoul,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dokyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University , Seoul,","place":["Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Human and Eco Care Center, Konkuk University , Seoul,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn-Joo","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University , Seoul,","place":["Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Human and Eco Care Center, Konkuk University , Seoul,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1039\/c9em00463g","article-title":"Emerging investigator series: Use of behavioural endpoints in the regulation of chemicals","volume":"22","author":"\u00c5gerstrand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7789","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15217789","article-title":"The influence of microwave treatments on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of Mentha piperita L","volume":"15","author":"Bandici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/s0045-6535(01)00097-2","article-title":"Algal test with soil suspensions and elutriates: A comparative evaluation for PAH-contaminated soils","volume":"46","author":"Baun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B4","first-page":"287","article-title":"Physiological and biochemical responses of plants under fluoride stress: An overview","volume":"47","author":"Baunthiyal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fluoride"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4038\/tar.v22i1.2666","article-title":"Chlorophyll a: b ratio increases under low-light in \u201cshade-tolerant\u201d Euglena gracilis","volume":"22","author":"Beneragama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tropical Agricultural Research"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-8143-3","article-title":"The influence of environmental pollution with fluorine compounds on the level of fluoride in soil, feed and eggs of laying hens in Central Pomerania, Poland","volume":"192","author":"Bombik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/s0045-6535(02)00498-8","article-title":"Fluoride toxicity to aquatic organisms: A review","volume":"50","author":"Camargo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B8","volume-title":"A protocol for the derivation of environmental and human health soil quality guidelines","author":"Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.12.060","article-title":"Effects of fluorine on crops, soil exoenzyme activities, and earthworms in terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"151","author":"Chae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B8819236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123036","article-title":"Deriving hazardous concentrations of phenol in soil ecosystems using a species sensitivity distribution approach","volume":"399","author":"Chae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B10","first-page":"56","article-title":"Biochemical and antioxidant responses of paddy (Oryza sativa L.) to fluoride stress","volume":"48","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fluoride"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14081810","article-title":"Ascorbic acid mitigates salt stress in tomato seedlings by enhancing chlorophyll synthesis pathways","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B12","first-page":"210","article-title":"Acute effects of exposure to sodium fluoride on the red compost earthworm Eisenia fetida: Lethality and avoidance behavior","volume":"44","author":"Dunne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fluoride"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B13","volume-title":"Technical guidance document on risk assessment: Part II","author":"European Commission","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B14","author":"European Commission","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2012.01.047","article-title":"Fluorine sorption by soils developed from various parent materials in Galicia (NW Spain)","volume":"374","author":"Gago","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Colloid and Interface Science"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.459","article-title":"Advancing soil ecological risk assessments for petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils in Canada: Persistence, organic carbon normalization and relevance of species assemblages","volume":"668","author":"Gainer","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.12386","article-title":"Carotenoid oxidation products as stress signals in plants","volume":"79","author":"Havaux","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Plant Journal"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-025-01292-6]","article-title":"Rethinking chemical hazard: An AOP-guided approach to non-conventional endpoints in the environmental assessment of neurotoxic, immunotoxic and metabolic toxic compounds","volume":"38","author":"Hilgendorf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environmental Sciences Europe"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B20","author":"ISO","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8391","DOI":"10.3390\/su16198391","article-title":"Balancing environmental safety and economic feasibility: A review of soil fluorine management strategies in South Korea","volume":"16","author":"Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.07.053","article-title":"Estimation of the soil hazardous concentration of methylparaben using a species sensitivity approach","volume":"242","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114891","article-title":"Multispecies bioassay of propylparaben to derive protective concentrations for soil ecosystems using a species sensitivity distribution approach","volume":"265","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B5524791","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121150","article-title":"Ecological risk assessment for perfluorooctanoic acid in soil using a species sensitivity approach","volume":"382","author":"Kwak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13957","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04433","article-title":"Species sensitivity distributions for nonylphenol to estimate soil hazardous concentration","volume":"51","author":"Kwak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.10.048","article-title":"Determination of the soil hazardous concentrations of bisphenol A using the species sensitivity approach","volume":"344","author":"Kwak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B26","first-page":"143","article-title":"Fluoride inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) from the earthworm Eisenia fetida","volume":"36","author":"Lawson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fluoride"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5338\/KJEA.2022.41.1.02","article-title":"Assessment of soil pollutant distribution characteristics and heavy metal pollution in Korea","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136831","article-title":"Soil exposure is the major fluoride exposure pathway for residents from the high-fluoride karst region in Southwest China","volume":"310","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133596","article-title":"Horrmetic effect of a short-chain PFBS on Microcystis aeruginosa and its molecular mechanism","volume":"467","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136115","article-title":"Evanescent hormesis effect induced by environmentally relevant PFOS to marine Chlorella sp","volume":"480","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116420","article-title":"Comprehensive review of emerging contaminants: Detection technologies, environmental impact, and management strategies","volume":"278","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5898","article-title":"Characterization of springtail (Arrhopalites caecus) for use in soil ecotoxicity testing","volume":"43","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B33","volume-title":"Environmental chemistry of soils","author":"McBride","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B34","first-page":"107","article-title":"Chlorophyll extraction from leaves, needles and microalgae: A kinetic approach","volume":"6","author":"Miazek","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2017.08.008","article-title":"A rapid screening method to assess soil algal toxicity: Nondestructive sampling of algal cells using culture medium extraction","volume":"120","author":"Nam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Applied Soil Ecology"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2021.109144","article-title":"Perspectives on microalgae as model organisms toward the standardization of soil algal toxicity test methods","volume":"249","author":"Nam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology: Toxicology & Pharmacology: CBP"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133520","article-title":"Analyzing species sensitivity distribution of evidently edible microplastics for freshwater biota","volume":"465","author":"Nam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130532","article-title":"Understanding hazardous concentrations of microplastics in fresh water using non-traditional toxicity data","volume":"445","author":"Nam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132174","article-title":"Non-traditional species sensitivity distribution approaches to analyze hazardous concentrations of microplastics in marine water","volume":"459","author":"Nam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B40","volume-title":"Assessment of site contamination\u2014Schedule B5a: Guideline on ecological risk assessment","author":"National Environment Protection","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B41","author":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","year":"1984"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B42","author":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B43","author":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B44","author":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138334","article-title":"Fluoride occurrence in environment, regulations, and remediation methods for soil: A comprehensive review","volume":"324","author":"Prabhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2010.02.003","article-title":"A critical review of the conventional SOC to SOM conversion factor","volume":"156","author":"Pribyl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecofro.2024.05.005","article-title":"Exploring nickel adsorption and desorption dynamics in sandy clay loam and clay loam soil","volume":"44","author":"Rebi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecological Frontiers"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B48","author":"RIVM","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143079","article-title":"Soil type dependent toxicity of AgNM300K can be predicted by internal concentrations in earthworms","volume":"364","author":"Scott-Fordsmand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B50","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B51","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.139901","article-title":"Current progress on fluoride occurrence in the soil environment: Sources, transformation, regulations and remediation","volume":"341","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0133941","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133941","article-title":"Derivation of soil ecological criteria for copper in Chinese soils","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B54","first-page":"293","article-title":"Responses of plants to fluoride: An overview of oxidative stress and defense mechanisms","volume":"49","author":"Yadu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fluoride"},{"key":"2026060812314847600_vjag063-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019","DOI":"10.48130\/bpr-0024-0010","article-title":"Critical review of fluoride in tea plants (Camellia sinensis): Absorption, transportation, tolerance mechanisms, and defluorination measures","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Beverage Plant Research"}],"container-title":["Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/inteam\/vjag063\/68156709\/vjag063.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/inteam\/vjag063\/68156709\/vjag063.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:31:58Z","timestamp":1780936318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/inteam\/vjag063\/8662198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"references-count":56,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/inteam\/vjag063","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-3777","1551-3793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-3777","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-3793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"article-number":"vjag063"}}