{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:27:35Z","timestamp":1786724855547,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Swiss Federal Office of the Environment"},{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ecotoxicological indicators could be an important tool in soil monitoring programs to help understand the effects and ecotoxicity of potentially contaminated soils. For soil, one of the most complex environmental matrices, they can elucidate questions regarding the bioavailability of contaminants. However, the use of ecotoxicological indicators in retrospective risk assessment, in particular, monitoring, struggles with the lack of adequate reference sites and\/or responses. In this study, we aimed to define a reference or normal response range by evaluating the natural variability in soils of four ecotoxicological indicators species (Folsomia candida, Enchytraeus crypticus, Brassica napus, and Allium cepa) including three endpoints (reproduction, shoot length, and root length). Two approaches were used to establish the normal response range, one based on variability towards a control response (minimum detectable differences and maximum tolerable inhibition) and a percentile response based on the variability within the natural test soils. For this, 32 natural soils from the Jura region of Switzerland were tested with the four ecotoxicological indicators. To ensure responses were not driven by background chemical concentrations, samples were analyzed for metal concentrations, as regulated by Swiss legislation and for 144 pesticide residues. Pesticide concentrations in the selected soils were very low and higher metals concentrations were mostly of geogenic origin and did not appear to influence biological responses. Regarding biological variability, it was possible to determine normal operating ranges for all four ecotoxicological test species, and the percentile approach seems better suited for natural soils from the Jura region, for which LUFA 2.2 is not always representative. The percentile approach shows a high potential as a methodology for setting reference response ranges based on the natural variability in soils. The approach now needs to be compared with potentially contaminated soils and extended to other biogeochemical regions to allow its use in monitoring programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/inteam\/vjag114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:37:42Z","timestamp":1785249462000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Natural variability of four ecotoxicological test species in soils\u2013proof of concept at a regional scale and first step towards a national reference response"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Renaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology (Ecotox Centre) , Lausanne\/D\u00fcbendorf,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louveline","family":"L\u00e9peule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology (Ecotox Centre) , Lausanne\/D\u00fcbendorf,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Centeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EnviBioSoil , Gollion,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Grandjean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL) Central Environmental Laboratory, , Lausanne,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Breider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL) Central Environmental Laboratory, , Lausanne,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Campiche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EnviBioSoil , Gollion,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit Jean Dominique","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology (Ecotox Centre) , Lausanne\/D\u00fcbendorf,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B1","author":"Agroscope","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B2","author":"Bates","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.10.024","article-title":"Caged Gammarus fossarum as a robust tool for the characterization of bioavailable contamination levels in continental waters","volume":"47","author":"Besse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.2533\/chimia.2023.750","article-title":"Pesticides in agricultural soils: Major findings from monitoring campaigns in Switzerland","volume":"77","author":"Bucheli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chimia"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.01.126","article-title":"The sediment-contact test using Heterocypris incongruens","volume":"151","author":"Casado-Martinez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.01.021","article-title":"Enchytraeus crypticus as model species in soil ecotoxicology","volume":"87","author":"Castro-Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1051\/ocl\/2020055","article-title":"Organic rapeseed in Switzerland: 20 years of practice","volume":"27","author":"Charles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oilseeds & fats Crops and Lipids"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.480","article-title":"Improving ecological risk assessment in the Mediterranean area","volume":"30","author":"Chelinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.04.031","article-title":"Caged Gammarus as biomonitors identifying thresholds of toxic metal bioavailability","volume":"118","author":"Ciliberti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B10","author":"Swiss Federal Council - Conseil f\u00e9d\u00e9ral suisse","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B11","volume-title":"Plan d\u2019action visant \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction des risques des produits phytosanitaires","author":"Swiss Federal Council - Conseil f\u00e9d\u00e9ral suisse","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-012-0502-4","article-title":"Applying a GLM-based approach to model soil toxicity","volume":"12","author":"Domene","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Soils and Sediments"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B13","author":"Durand","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.50.071803.130331","article-title":"Folsomia candida: A \u201cstandard\u201d soil arthropod","volume":"50","author":"Fountain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annual Review of Entomology"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7818","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c09591","article-title":"Pesticide residues in French soils","volume":"57","author":"Froger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878238","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.878238","article-title":"Triad-based ecological risk assessment","volume":"10","author":"Grassi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Environmental Science"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B17","author":"Hartig","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.05.013","article-title":"Variability of sediment-contact tests","volume":"158","author":"H\u00f6ss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2009.07.003","article-title":"Assessing soil toxicity using Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"72","author":"H\u00f6ss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200810425","article-title":"Simultaneous inference in general parametric models","volume":"50","author":"Hothorn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biometrical Journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B21","volume-title":"Soil quality\u2014Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola (Folsomia candida) by soil contaminants (ISO 11267)","author":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO)","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B22","volume-title":"Soil quality- Effects of contaminants on Enchytraeidae (Enchytraeus sp.)\u2014Determination of effects on reproduction (ISO 16387)","author":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO)","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B23","volume-title":"Soil quality\u2014Determination of the toxic effects of pollutants on germination and early growth of higher plants (ISO 18763)","author":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO)","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1139\/a05-007","article-title":"Identification of ecological requirements of test species","volume":"13","author":"J\u00e4nsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environmental Reviews"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EN-15","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2009.EN-15","article-title":"Comparison of sensitivity of enchytraeids and earthworms","volume":"6","author":"Jarratt","year":"2009","journal-title":"EFSA Supporting Publications"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/sum.12879","article-title":"Soil organic carbon content and soil structure quality of clayey cropland soils: A large-scale study in the Swiss Jura region","volume":"39","author":"Johannes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soil Use and Management"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5428","article-title":"Collembola sensitivity to pesticides","volume":"41","author":"Joimel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6744","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c09059","article-title":"Pesticide residues in European soils","volume":"58","author":"Knuth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2006.07.028","article-title":"Adaptation of enchytraeid toxicity test","volume":"42","author":"Kuperman","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Soil Biology"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-022-00692-2","article-title":"Biomarker thresholds in freshwater monitoring","volume":"34","author":"Lepr\u00eatre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Sciences Europe"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.03.066","article-title":"Soil toxicity screening","volume":"274","author":"Marques","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12183294","article-title":"Global distribution of onion germplasm","volume":"12","author":"Ochar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B33","author":"Office f\u00e9d\u00e9ral de l\u2019agriculture (OFAG)","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B34","volume-title":"Test No. 208: Terrestrial plant test","author":"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B35","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B36","author":"Renaud","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Reusser","year":"2023","DOI":"10.34776\/gca23-e"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02991124","article-title":"Soil heterogeneity in ecotoxicological testing","volume":"4","author":"R\u00f6mbke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Soils and Sediments"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-023-04872-8","article-title":"Multi-residue pesticide analysis in soils","volume":"415","author":"R\u00f6sch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B40","author":"Sol-Conseil","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B41","volume-title":"Zusammenfassender Bericht \u00fcber bestehende Studien und Untersuchungen zu geogenen Schadstoffgehalten in B\u00f6den und Gesteinen der Schweiz","author":"Stanisic","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2010.10.001","article-title":"Soil properties influence on molybdenum toxicity","volume":"74","author":"van Gestel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"2026081410220298000_vjag114-B43","author":"Wickham","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/inteam\/vjag114\/70263899\/vjag114.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/inteam\/vjag114\/70263899\/vjag114.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:29:08Z","timestamp":1786721348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/inteam\/vjag114\/8744098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":43,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/inteam\/vjag114","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-3777","1551-3793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-3777","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-3793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"article-number":"vjag114"}}