{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:40:12Z","timestamp":1792464012493,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Padang City experiences recurrent flooding because intense rainfall, rapid runoff from eastern catchments, low-lying floodplains, and coastal\u2013estuarine backwater effects interact across a developed watershed continuum. Existing assessments often examine rainfall, runoff response, spatial hazard, and ecological functions separately, limiting integrated flood-risk reduction and land-use planning. This study aims to 1) analyze areal rainfall frequency for 1995\u20132025 using the Annual Maximum Series of 24-hr Rainfall (R24\/AMS), the Log-Pearson Type III (LP-III) distribution, and the Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov (K\u2013S) goodness-of-fit test; 2) generate a preliminary regional-scale runoff hydrograph using the Nakayasu Synthetic Unit Hydrograph (SUH) to characterize event magnitude and response timing under design rainfall; and 3) map flood-hazard zones using GIS-based weighted overlay scoring that integrates hydrological, geomorphological, and ecological parameters. Rainfall records indicate interannual variability and repeated \u2265 150\u2009mm\/24\u00a0hr events, including 447\u2009mm on March 7, 2024 and 261\u2009mm on November 25, 2025. Design 24-hr rainfall increases from 160.87 to 334.14\u2009mm across 2- to 50-year return periods, producing 4-hr intensities of 22.13\u201345.97\u2009mm\/hr. The preliminary Nakayasu scenario yields peak discharges of approximately 135\u2013250\u2009m\u00b3\/s with short times to peak and should be interpreted as screening evidence rather than basin-specific engineering estimates. The flood-hazard map classifies 537.97\u2009km\u00b2 (77.41%) as Safe, 96.74\u2009km\u00b2 (13.92%) as Low, 36.76\u2009km\u00b2 (5.29%) as Moderate, and 23.49\u2009km\u00b2 (3.38%) as High. Moderate- and high-hazard areas cluster in fluvial\u2013marine lowlands such as floodplains, backswamps, coastal alluvium, river corridors, and estuaries. These findings provide a basis for Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) through retention-space protection, river setbacks, wetland restoration, upland recharge conservation, and erosion\u2013sediment control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/inteam\/vjag147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:39:23Z","timestamp":1787593163000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flood hazard assessment using rainfall data (1995\u20132025) with a hydrograph approach and an eco-geomorphic overview in Padang City, Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4619-4117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aprizon","family":"Putra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Ecology, National Research and Innovation Agency, KST Soekarno, 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