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The mucus layer captures inhaled materials, and the cilia remove the inhaled materials from the epithelial layer by asymmetrical beating. The effect of nasal physical barriers on the vaccine efficacy remains to be investigated. Tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family, member 1 (Ttll1) is an essential enzyme for appropriate movement of the cilia on respiratory epithelium, and its deficiency (Ttll1-KO) leads to mucus accumulation in the nasal cavity. Here, when mice were intra-nasally immunized with pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA, as vaccine antigen) together with cholera toxin (CT, as mucosal adjuvant), Ttll1-KO mice showed higher levels of PspA-specific IgA in the nasal wash and increased numbers of PspA-specific IgA-producing plasma cells in the nasal passages when compared with Ttll1 hetero (He) mice. Mucus removal by N-acetylcysteine did not affect the enhanced immune responses in Ttll1-KO mice versus Ttll1-He mice. Immunohistological and flow cytometry analyses revealed that retention time of PspA in the nasal cavity in Ttll1-KO mice was longer than that in Ttll1-He mice. Consistently, uptake of PspA by dendritic cells was higher in the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) of Ttll1-KO mice than that of Ttll1-He mice. These results indicate that the ciliary function of removing vaccine antigen from the NALT epithelial layer is a critical determinant of the efficacy of nasal vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxaa029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T11:09:26Z","timestamp":1587726566000},"page":"559-568","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impaired mucociliary motility enhances antigen-specific nasal IgA immune responses to a cholera toxin-based nasal vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Huangwenxian","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN) , Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidehiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN) , Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Nagatake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN) , Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Hosomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN) , Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Ikegami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitsutoshi","family":"Setou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Kunisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN) , Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University , Hyogo, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023120103492627300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000831","article-title":"Secretory-IgA antibodies play an important role in the immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"185","author":"Fukuyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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