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This symbiotic relationship between pre-clinical and clinical research exploring the vagus nerve-based \u2018inflammatory reflex\u2019 has substantially contributed to establishing the field of bioelectronic medicine. Recent studies identify a crosstalk between the vagus nerve and other neural circuitries in controlling inflammation and delineate new neural immunoregulatory pathways. Here we outline current mechanistic insights into the role of vagal and non-vagal neural pathways in neuro-immune communication and inflammatory regulation. We also provide a timely overview of expanding opportunities for bioelectronic neuromodulation in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxab068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T11:47:21Z","timestamp":1631101641000},"page":"107-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Peripheral nerve stimulation and immunity: the expanding opportunities for providing mechanistic insight and therapeutic intervention"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Aidan","family":"Falvey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health , Manhasset, NY 11030 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine N","family":"Metz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health , Manhasset, NY 11030 , USA"},{"name":"Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell , Hempstead, NY 11549 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin J","family":"Tracey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health , Manhasset, NY 11030 , USA"},{"name":"Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell , Hempstead, NY 11549 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin A","family":"Pavlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health , Manhasset, NY 11030 , USA"},{"name":"Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell , Hempstead, NY 11549 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022062915331308900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527692156.ch59","article-title":"The neuroimmune communicatome in inflammation.","volume-title":"Inflammation: From Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms to the Clinic","author":"Olofsson","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022062915331308900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01321","article-title":"The inflammatory reflex","volume":"420","author":"Tracey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022062915331308900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053158","article-title":"Molecular and functional neuroscience in immunity","volume":"36","author":"Pavlov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. 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