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In addition, emerging evidence suggests that in the steady state, naive CD4+ T cells spontaneously proliferate in response to self-antigens to acquire a memory phenotype (MP) through homeostatic proliferation. This expansion is particularly profound in lymphopenic environments but also occurs in lymphoreplete, normal conditions. The \u2018MP T lymphocytes\u2019 generated in this manner are maintained by rapid proliferation in the periphery and they tonically differentiate into T-bet-expressing \u2018MP1\u2019 cells. Such MP1 CD4+ T lymphocytes can exert innate effector function, producing IFN-\u03b3 in response to IL-12 in the absence of antigen recognition, thereby contributing to host defense. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of how MP T lymphocytes are generated and persist in steady-state conditions, their populational heterogeneity as well as the evidence for their effector function. We will also compare these properties with those of a similar population of innate memory cells previously identified in the CD8+ T lymphocyte lineage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxab108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T20:15:50Z","timestamp":1638821750000},"page":"189-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Memory-phenotype CD4+ T cells: a naturally arising T lymphocyte population possessing innate immune function"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Kawabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Sher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022032912320388700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a037879","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a037879","article-title":"Homeostasis of naive and memory T lymphocytes","volume":"13","author":"Kawabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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