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All three epigenetic modifications are intermediates in DNA demethylation. In the \u201cpassive\u201d (replication-dependent) DNA demethylation pathway, sequential oxidation reactions by TETs are essential and modified cytosines (C) are diluted at each cycle of DNA replication. In the \u201cactive\u201d (replication-independent) DNA demethylation pathway, both thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) and TETs play important roles. TDG removes 5fC and 5caC from 5fC:G and 5caC:G base pairs and these modified bases are replaced by unmodified C via base excision repair. Through epigenetic regulation of DNA demethylation, TETs and TDG are involved in cell development, differentiation, and homeostasis. The interplay between TDG and TETs is involved in embryo development, stem cell differentiation, neural development, immune responses, and tumorigenesis. Loss-of-function mutations of TET proteins in immune cells are associated with a variety of abnormalities, including inflammation, cancer, and clonal hematopoiesis, a condition related to aging. Loss of TETs also has a significant impact on the plasticity and differentiation of T cells, which contributes to inflammation and cancer. In this review, we describe recent findings in functions of TETs in T cell plasticity and differentiation and the TET-TDG axis in selected biological processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxaf006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T12:22:16Z","timestamp":1738844536000},"page":"299-312","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The TET-TDG axis in T cells and biological processes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Kazumasa","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"La Jolla Institute for Immunology, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation , La Jolla, CA 92037 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjana","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Jolla Institute for Immunology, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation , La Jolla, CA 92037 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine , La Jolla, CA 92037 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego , La Jolla, CA 92037 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Program in Immunology, UC San Diego , La Jolla, CA 92093 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, UC San Diego , La Jolla, CA 92161 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Onodera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Academic Research (IAAR), Chiba University , Chiba, 263-8522 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Research Institute of Disaster Medicine (RIDM), Chiba University , Chiba, 260-8670 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Center for Human Immunological Diseases and Therapy Development (cCHID), Chiba University , Chiba, 260-8670 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052608364331500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-080223-044610","article-title":"TET enzymes in the immune system: from DNA demethylation to immunotherapy, inflammation, and cancer","volume":"42","author":"L\u00f3pez-Moyado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2025052608364331500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2022.03.010","article-title":"DNA methylation: a historical perspective","volume":"38","author":"Mattei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"2025052608364331500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1170116","article-title":"Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1","volume":"324","author":"Tahiliani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025052608364331500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3589","article-title":"TETonic shift: biological roles of TET proteins in DNA demethylation and transcription","volume":"14","author":"Pastor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2025052608364331500_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2017.33","article-title":"TET-mediated active DNA demethylation: mechanism, function and beyond","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2025052608364331500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2016.05.013","article-title":"Structure-function relationships of human JmjC oxygenases-demethylases versus hydroxylases","volume":"41","author":"Markolovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Struct Biol"},{"key":"2025052608364331500_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2010.07.002","article-title":"Physiological and biochemical aspects of hydroxylations and demethylations catalyzed by human 2-oxoglutarate oxygenases","volume":"36","author":"Loenarz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"2025052608364331500_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.05.026","article-title":"OH, the places you\u2019ll go! 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