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However, challenges persist: malaria, HIV, and dengue lack fully effective vaccines, whereas influenza and tuberculosis face waning efficacy. Emerging pathogens and drug-resistant strains further highlight the need for improved vaccines, particularly those offering rapid deployment, broad immunogenicity, and durable protection against variants. Adjuvants can play a dual role in this context: as new stand-alone tools for an early response to a pandemic\u2014aiming at the 100-day mission objective\u2014and for prevention of antimicrobial resistance; and as traditional components enhancing the efficacy and breadth of vaccines. The understanding of their mechanisms of action and novel usage could address critical gaps in pandemic preparedness, especially for vulnerable populations like children and the elderly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxaf053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T11:49:14Z","timestamp":1756381754000},"page":"85-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vaccine adjuvants as stand-alone immunoprophylaxis in strategies for 100-day rapid responses to future pandemics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Niloufar","family":"Kavian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Malaria Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science (IMSUT), The University of Tokyo , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"International Vaccine Design Center, Institute of Medical Science (IMSUT), The University of Tokyo , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"The University of Tokyo Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), The University of Tokyo , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medecine, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9 University, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pital Universitaire Paris Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kouji","family":"Kobiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Design Center, Institute of Medical Science (IMSUT), The University of Tokyo , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"The University of Tokyo Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), The University of Tokyo , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of 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