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Historically, the divisions between these types of cells have been defined by a few characteristic surface markers such as IgD, CD27, and CD21, but recent advances in single-cell techniques such as high-parameter cytometry and single-cell sequencing have revealed a greater diversity of populations. An expanding palette of markers has helped to better define B cell subsets but can be a source of confusion when overlapping cell types are identified using different sets of markers. In this review, we will discuss the conflicting and overlapping phenotypic and functional identities of human circulating B cells with a particular emphasis on memory B cells. We also propose a framework in which five B cell markers (IgD, CD27, CD21, CD11c, and a glycosylated isoform of CD45RB) can discriminate the majority of B cell populations in human blood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxag006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T12:25:35Z","timestamp":1770035135000},"page":"348-356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heterogeneity of memory B cells in human blood"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Priest","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Single Cell Immunology Team, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), The University of Osaka , 1-10 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3462-1003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Wing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Single Cell Immunology Team, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), The University of Osaka , 1-10 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS (CAMaD), The University of Osaka , 1-10 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Human Single Cell Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), The University of Osaka , 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060100015092700_dxag006-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2024.02.002","article-title":"Germinal center versus extrafollicular responses in systemic autoimmunity: who turns the blade on self?","volume":"162","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"2026060100015092700_dxag006-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.08.007","article-title":"A roadmap for defining \u201cextrafollicular\u201d B cell responses","volume":"58","author":"Eisenbarth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026060100015092700_dxag006-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065x.2003.00058.x","article-title":"Extrafollicular antibody responses","volume":"194","author":"MacLennan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2026060100015092700_dxag006-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-120419-022408","article-title":"Germinal centers","volume":"40","author":"Victora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026060100015092700_dxag006-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02458","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for consistent classification of human B cell and plasma cell populations","volume":"10","author":"Sanz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026060100015092700_dxag006-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102300","article-title":"T-bethighCD21low B cells: the need to unify our understanding of a distinct B cell population in health and disease","volume":"82","author":"Keller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"2026060100015092700_dxag006-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70058","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70058","article-title":"Human atypical B cells. 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