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Beyond canonical cytokines and antigenic stimuli, metabolic signals have emerged as pivotal regulators of T-cell activation, differentiation, and memory formation. However, the mechanisms by which metabolic and tissue-derived cues imprint pathogenic features on T cells remain poorly understood. Dysregulation of type 2 immune memory is a major driver of chronic inflammation in allergic diseases. A distinct subpopulation of memory T helper 2 (Th2) cells that express the interleukin (IL)-33 receptor ST2 has emerged as a key contributor to the pathogenesis of chronic allergic inflammation. Recent studies have revealed a close link between lipid metabolism and pathogenic type 2 immunity, highlighting how fatty acid uptake, storage within lipid droplets, and catabolism through lipolysis and lipophagy regulate the expression of ST2 and cytokine production. Moreover, transcriptional regulators such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 (PPAR\u03b3) integrate lipid-derived signals with transcriptional and metabolic programs that induce pathogenic memory. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of CD4+ T cell-mediated immune memory, with a particular focus on pathogenic Th2 cells and airway type 2 immunity, and discuss emerging concepts that connect lipid metabolic programs, transcriptional regulation, and chronic allergic inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxag015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T11:35:09Z","timestamp":1776166509000},"page":"469-481","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lipid metabolic regulation of pathogenic type 2 immunity in the airway"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4336-9919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Yagyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Graduate 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