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The many antiviral functions of the IFN-I include direct suppression of viral replication and activation of the immune response against viruses. In addition to their antiviral effects, IFN-I are also protective against several extracellular bacterial infections, in part, by promoting the induction of TNF-\u03b1 and nitric oxide. In contrast, there is a negative effect of IFN-I on host resistance during chronic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and acute infections with intracellular bacteria. In the case of LCMV, chronic IFN-I signaling induces adaptive immune system suppression. Blockade of IFN-I signaling removes the suppression and allows CD4 T-cell- and IFN-\u03b3-mediated resolution of the infection. During acute intracellular bacterial infection, IFN-I suppress innate immunity by at least two defined mechanisms. During Francisella infection, IFN-I prevent IL-17 upregulation on \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and neutrophil recruitment. Following Listeria infection, IFN-I promote the cell death of macrophages and lymphocytes, which leads to innate immune suppression. These divergent findings for the role of IFN-I on pathogen control emphasize the complexity of the interferons system and force more mechanistic evaluation of its role in pathogenesis. This review evaluates IFN-I during infection with an emphasis on work carried out IFN-I-receptor-deficient mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxt050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,25]],"date-time":"2013-10-25T02:34:15Z","timestamp":1382668455000},"page":"663-669","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Confounding roles for type I interferons during bacterial and viral pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Javier Antonio","family":"Carrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO 63110 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022090623485338900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115843","article-title":"Type I interferons (alpha\/beta) in immunity and autoimmunity","volume":"23","author":"Theofilopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. 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