{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:36:42Z","timestamp":1791351402212,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]],"date-time":"2015-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>CD4 + T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are recognized as a distinct T-cell subset, which provides help for germinal center (GC) formation, B-cell development and affinity maturation, and immunoglobulin class switching, as an indispensable part of adaptive immunity. Tfh cell differentiation depends on various factors including cell-surface molecule interactions, extracellular cytokines and multiple transcription factors, with B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6) being the master regulator. T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are also located in the GC and share phenotypic characteristics with Tfh cells and regulatory T cells, but function as negative regulators of GC responses. Dysregulation of either Tfh or Tfr cells is linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. This review covers the basic Tfh and Tfr biology including their differentiation and function, and their close relationship with autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxv079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,30]],"date-time":"2015-12-30T01:44:36Z","timestamp":1451439876000},"page":"173-179","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["T follicular helper cells, T follicular regulatory cells and autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University 1 , Beijing 100084 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University 1 , Beijing 100084 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Cai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University 1 , Beijing 100084 , China"},{"name":"Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology 2 , 9420 Athena Circle Dr., La Jolla, CA 92130 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101212","article-title":"Differentiation of effector CD4 T cell populations (*)","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.05.009","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance","volume":"133","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.11.1545","article-title":"Follicular B helper T cells express CXC chemokine receptor 5, localize to B cell follicles, and support immunoglobulin production","volume":"192","author":"Breitfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.12.1373","article-title":"Subspecialization of CXCR5+ T cells: B helper activity is focused in a germinal center-localized subset of CXCR5+ T cells","volume":"193","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.11.1553","article-title":"CXC chemokine receptor 5 expression defines follicular homing T cells with B cell helper function","volume":"192","author":"Schaerli","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/35876","article-title":"A B-cell-homing chemokine made in lymphoid follicles activates Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma receptor-1","volume":"391","author":"Gunn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2426","article-title":"Follicular regulatory T cells expressing Foxp3 and Bcl-6 suppress germinal center reactions","volume":"17","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101328","article-title":"Regulation of the germinal center reaction by Foxp3+ follicular regulatory T cells","volume":"187","author":"Wollenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2425","article-title":"Foxp3+ follicular regulatory T cells control the germinal center response","volume":"17","author":"Linterman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101400","article-title":"Follicular helper CD4 T cells (TFH)","volume":"29","author":"Crotty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2013.55","article-title":"Human T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and disease","volume":"92","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175870","article-title":"Bcl6 and Blimp-1 are reciprocal and antagonistic regulators of T follicular helper cell differentiation","volume":"325","author":"Johnston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176676","article-title":"Bcl6 mediates the development of T follicular helper cells","volume":"325","author":"Nurieva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.07.002","article-title":"The transcriptional repressor Bcl-6 directs T follicular helper cell lineage commitment","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5257","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.12.5257.bloodjournal87125257","article-title":"BCL-6 expression during B-cell activation","volume":"87","author":"Allman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.12.1841","article-title":"Suppression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-dependent B lymphocyte terminal differentiation by BCL-6","volume":"192","author":"Reljic","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)00020-0","article-title":"BCL-6 represses genes that function in lymphocyte differentiation, inflammation, and cell cycle control","volume":"13","author":"Shaffer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(02)00335-7","article-title":"Blimp-1 orchestrates plasma cell differentiation by extinguishing the mature B cell gene expression program","volume":"17","author":"Shaffer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2037","article-title":"The transcription factor BATF controls the global regulators of class-switch recombination in both B cells and T cells","volume":"12","author":"Ise","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12910","article-title":"Transcription factor achaete-scute homologue 2 initiates follicular T-helper-cell development","volume":"507","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3229","article-title":"The transcription factor TCF-1 initiates the differentiation of T cells during acute viral infection","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3226","article-title":"LEF-1 and TCF-1 orchestrate T differentiation by regulating differentiation circuits upstream of the transcriptional repressor Bcl6","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/35051100","article-title":"ICOS co-stimulatory receptor is essential for T-cell activation and function","volume":"409","author":"Dong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.4.2340","article-title":"The role of ICOS in the CXCR5+ follicular B helper T cell maintenance in vivo","volume":"175","author":"Akiba","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.05.009","article-title":"Generation of T follicular helper cells is mediated by interleukin-21 but independent of T helper 1, 2, or 17 cell lineages","volume":"29","author":"Nurieva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03555","article-title":"A RING-type ubiquitin ligase family member required to repress follicular helper T cells and autoimmunity","volume":"435","author":"Vinuesa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2010.07628.x","article-title":"The ROQUIN family of proteins localizes to stress granules via the ROQ domain and binds target mRNAs","volume":"277","author":"Athanasopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1902","article-title":"Roquin binds inducible costimulator mRNA and effectors of mRNA decay to induce microRNA-independent post-transcriptional repression","volume":"11","author":"Glasmacher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06253","article-title":"Roquin represses autoimmunity by limiting inducible T-cell co-stimulator messenger RNA","volume":"450","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20371","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911573106","article-title":"Inducible costimulator promotes helper T-cell differentiation through phosphoinositide 3-kinase","volume":"106","author":"Gigoux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6563","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000202","article-title":"Signaling pathways in T follicular helper cells","volume":"184","author":"Rolf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.01.017","article-title":"ICOS coreceptor signaling inactivates the transcription factor FOXO1 to promote Tfh cell differentiation","volume":"42","author":"Stone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2912","article-title":"The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch is required for the differentiation of follicular helper T cells","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3050","article-title":"A p85\u03b1-osteopontin axis couples the receptor ICOS to sustained Bcl-6 expression by follicular helper and regulatory T cells","volume":"16","author":"Leavenworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12058","article-title":"Follicular T-helper cell recruitment governed by bystander B cells and ICOS-driven motility","volume":"496","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.05.012","article-title":"OX40 ligand contributes to human lupus pathogenesis by promoting T follicular helper response","volume":"42","author":"Jacquemin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203032","article-title":"Cutting edge: STAT1 is required for IL-6-mediated Bcl6 induction for early follicular helper cell differentiation","volume":"190","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.06.001","article-title":"A fundamental role for interleukin-21 in the generation of T follicular helper cells","volume":"29","author":"Vogelzang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1690","article-title":"The costimulatory molecule ICOS regulates the expression of c-Maf and IL-21 in the development of follicular T helper cells and TH-17 cells","volume":"10","author":"Bauquet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0909639","article-title":"c-Maf activates the promoter and enhancer of the IL-21 gene, and TGF-beta inhibits c-Maf-induced IL-21 production in CD4+ T cells","volume":"87","author":"Hiramatsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2642","article-title":"The microRNA cluster miR-17 approximately 92 promotes TFH cell differentiation and represses subset-inappropriate gene expression","volume":"14","author":"Baumjohann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2648","article-title":"MicroRNAs of the miR-17 approximately 92 family are critical regulators of T(FH) differentiation","volume":"14","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075032","article-title":"Germinal centers","volume":"30","author":"Victora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091777","article-title":"IL-21 regulates germinal center B cell differentiation and proliferation through a B cell-intrinsic mechanism","volume":"207","author":"Zotos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5361","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.9.5361","article-title":"Regulation of B cell differentiation and plasma cell generation by IL-21, a novel inducer of Blimp-1 and Bcl-6","volume":"173","author":"Ozaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091738","article-title":"IL-21 acts directly on B cells to regulate Bcl-6 expression and germinal center responses","volume":"207","author":"Linterman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901694","article-title":"Augmented antibody response with premature germinal center regression in CD40L transgenic mice","volume":"185","author":"Kishi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901689","article-title":"Constitutive CD40L expression on B cells prematurely terminates germinal center response and leads to augmented plasma cell production in T cell areas","volume":"185","author":"Bolduc","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903505","article-title":"Germinal center T follicular helper cell IL-4 production is dependent on signaling lymphocytic activation molecule receptor (CD150)","volume":"185","author":"Yusuf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.01.010","article-title":"Optimal germinal center responses require a multistage T cell:B cell adhesion process involving integrins, SLAM-associated protein, and CD84","volume":"32","author":"Cannons","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10583","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703893104","article-title":"Structure of CD84 provides insight into SLAM family function","volume":"104","author":"Yan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1877","article-title":"PD-1 regulates germinal center B cell survival and the formation and affinity of long-lived plasma cells","volume":"11","author":"Good-Jacobson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1790","article-title":"Interactions between PD-1 and PD-L1 promote tolerance by blocking the TCR-induced stop signal","volume":"10","author":"Fife","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200422325","article-title":"Regulatory T cells can migrate to follicles upon T cell activation and suppress GC-Th cells and GC-Th cell-driven B cell responses","volume":"114","author":"Lim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.12.024","article-title":"Strategically localized dendritic cells promote rapid T cell responses to lymph-borne particulate antigens","volume":"42","author":"Gerner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.024","article-title":"Germinal center B cell and T follicular helper cell development initiates in the interfollicular zone","volume":"34","author":"Kerfoot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5191","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI76861","article-title":"Circulating T follicular regulatory and helper cells have memory-like properties","volume":"124","author":"Sage","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2496","article-title":"The receptor PD-1 controls follicular regulatory T cells in the lymph nodes and blood","volume":"14","author":"Sage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130604","article-title":"Follicular regulatory T cells control humoral autoimmunity via NFAT2-regulated CXCR5 expression","volume":"211","author":"Vaeth","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.12.006","article-title":"Regulatory T cells control antigen-specific expansion of Tfh cell number and humoral immune responses via the coreceptor CTLA-4","volume":"41","author":"Wing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131019","article-title":"TRAF3 regulates the effector function of regulatory T cells and humoral immune responses","volume":"211","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2928","article-title":"Id2 and Id3 maintain the regulatory T cell pool to suppress inflammatory disease","volume":"15","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(03)00002-6","article-title":"IL-10, an inflammatory\/inhibitory cytokine, but not always","volume":"86","author":"Conti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200421795","article-title":"Distinct contribution of IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1, and IL-10 to T cell-mediated spontaneous autoimmune arthritis in mice","volume":"114","author":"Hata","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339500400510","article-title":"Serum interleukin 10 titers in systemic lupus erythematosus reflect disease activity","volume":"4","author":"Houssiau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400810","article-title":"Dysregulation of interleukin-10 production in relatives of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"40","author":"Llorente","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.3.839","article-title":"Role of interleukin 10 in the B lymphocyte hyperactivity and autoantibody production of human systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"181","author":"Llorente","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-013-2294-3","article-title":"Role of interleukin-10 and interleukin-10 receptor in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"32","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102948","article-title":"A regulatory role for IL-10 receptor signaling in development and B cell help of T follicular helper cells in mice","volume":"189","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4375","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI76179","article-title":"TGF-beta prevents T follicular helper cell accumulation and B cell autoreactivity","volume":"124","author":"McCarron","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0071","first-page":"63","article-title":"Role of TGF-beta3 in the regulation of immune responses","volume":"33","author":"Okamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-11-4502","article-title":"Activated CD4+CD25+ T cells selectively kill B lymphocytes","volume":"107","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.05.005","article-title":"T follicular regulatory cells in the regulation of B cell responses","volume":"36","author":"Sage","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004","article-title":"T follicular helper cell differentiation, function, and roles in disease","volume":"41","author":"Crotty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.09.007","article-title":"Circulating precursor CCR7(lo)PD-1(hi) CXCR5(+) CD4(+) T cells indicate Tfh cell activity and promote antibody responses upon antigen reexposure","volume":"39","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/art.25032","article-title":"Expansion of circulating T cells resembling follicular helper T cells is a fixed phenotype that identifies a subset of severe systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"Simpson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2013.02.024","article-title":"Follicular helper T cells may play an important role in the severity of primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"147","author":"Szabo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2015.01.014","article-title":"Increased frequency of circulating follicular helper T cells in lupus patients is associated with autoantibody production in a CD40L-dependent manner","volume":"295","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39020","article-title":"Circulating follicular helper-like T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with disease activity","volume":"67","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314567750","article-title":"Circulating CXCR5+CD4+helper T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus patients share phenotypic properties with germinal center follicular helper T cells and promote antibody production","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827480","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/827480","article-title":"Increased frequency of circulating follicular helper T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"2012","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12162","article-title":"High frequencies of activated B cells and T follicular helper cells are correlated with disease activity in patients with new-onset rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"174","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R255","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4100","article-title":"A regulatory effect of IL-21 on T follicular helper-like cell and B cell in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804350","article-title":"A positive feedback loop of IL-21 signaling provoked by homeostatic CD4+CD25- T cell expansion is essential for the development of arthritis in autoimmune K\/BxN mice","volume":"182","author":"Jang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2003","article-title":"Increased frequency of follicular helper T cells in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"97","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38735","article-title":"Interleukin-21 promotes germinal center reaction by skewing the follicular regulatory T cell to follicular helper T cell balance in autoimmune BXD2 mice","volume":"66","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2022071501370967700_CIT0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38627","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin attenuates experimental autoimmune arthritis by inducing reciprocal regulation of Th17 and Treg cells in an interleukin-10-dependent manner","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["International Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/intimm\/article-pdf\/28\/4\/173\/44907990\/intimm_28_4_173.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/intimm\/article-pdf\/28\/4\/173\/44907990\/intimm_28_4_173.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T01:38:34Z","timestamp":1657849114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/intimm\/article\/28\/4\/173\/2614125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intimm\/dxv079","relation":{},"ISSN":["1460-2377","0953-8178"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1460-2377","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0953-8178","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]]}}}