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When hosts are infected with T. gondii, the cells induce immune responses against T. gondii. The pathogen infection is recognized by immune sensors that directly detect T. gondii structural components, leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells strongly activate T cells and induce development of Th1 cells and antigen-specific killer CD8 T cells. These T cells and Group 1 innate lymphoid cells are main producers of IFN-\u03b3, which robustly stimulates cell-autonomous immunity in cells infected with T. gondii. IFN-\u03b3-inducible effectors such as IFN-inducible GTPases, inducible nitric oxide synthase and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase differentially play important roles in suppression of T. gondii growth and its direct killing in anti-T. gondii cell-autonomous immune responses. In this review, we will describe our current knowledge of innate, adaptive and IFN-\u03b3-mediated cell-autonomous immunity against T. gondii infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxy004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]],"date-time":"2018-01-19T09:01:59Z","timestamp":1516352519000},"page":"113-119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":199,"title":["Host immune responses to\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Miwa","family":"Sasai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Pradipta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022071415292134200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2013.774391","article-title":"Pathogen recognition receptors: ligands and signaling pathways by Toll-like receptors","volume":"32","author":"Sasai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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