{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:16:15Z","timestamp":1781050575573,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n With an increase in the incidence and prevalence of non-rheumatic valvular heart diseases (NRVHDs), having a proper understanding of the disease current status in terms of quality of care and healthcare access can considerably affect further planning for the healthcare system.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the quality and equity of care concerning NRVHDs in terms of gender and sociodemographic index (SDI) using a newly proposed index.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We obtained the primary measures (e.g. incidence) from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data about NRVHD from 1990 to 2017 to calculate the subsequent secondary indices (e.g. mortality-to-incidence ratio) with close association to quality of care. Then, using principal component analysis (PCA), quality of care index (QCI) was calculated as a novel index from the secondary indices, rescaled to 0\u2013100. QCI was calculated for all age groups and both genders, globally, regionally and nationally between 1990 and 2017.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Globally, the QCI for NRVHDs in 2017 was 87.3, and it appears that gender inequity was unremarkable (gender disparity ratio\u2009=\u20091.00, female QCI: 90.2, male QCI: 89.7) in 2017 similar to the past three decades. Among WHO world regions, the Western Pacific Region and Eastern Mediterranean Region showed the highest (90.1) and lowest (74.0) QCI scores. Regarding SDI, the high-middle-SDI quintile with a QCI of 89.4 and the low-SDI quintile with a QCI of 77.8 were the two extremes of healthcare quality in 2017.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Although global status regarding the NRVHD\u2019s quality of care is acceptable, higher attention is required for lower SDI countries.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzac026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]],"date-time":"2022-04-16T11:07:34Z","timestamp":1650107254000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Global and regional burden and quality of care of non-rheumatic valvular heart diseases: a systematic analysis of Global Burden of Disease 1990\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Mehrabi","family":"Nejad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4424-910X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naser","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"},{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9592-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esmaeil","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahya","family":"Shabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8394-0919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alborz","family":"Sherafati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, End of Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Aryannejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"},{"name":"Experimental Medicine Research Center (next to the Depaitment of Pharmacology), School of Medicine, St. Poursina, and Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 1417613151, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-7638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Negar","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"},{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ghanbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moein","family":"Yoosefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3197-2657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arya","family":"Aminorroaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsima","family":"Shabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazila","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Salavati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Kurdistan 66177-13446, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bagher","family":"Larijani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohreh","family":"Naderimagham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"},{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8288-4046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farshad","family":"Farzadfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"},{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran 1411713137, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022042217312173500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-018-0813-5","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of primary left-sided valve disease in a cohort of 15,000 patients undergoing echocardiography studies in a tertiary hospital in Uganda","volume":"18","author":"Rwebembera","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Non-communicable diseases\u2019 risk factors in Iran: a review of the present status and action plans","volume":"22","author":"Azadnajafabad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2010.206938","article-title":"Predisposing factors and incidence of newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in an urban African community: insights from the Heart of Soweto Study","volume":"96","author":"Sliwa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12347","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in relation to placental abruption: a population-based cohort study from Denmark","volume":"31","author":"Ananth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043391","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of calcific aortic valve and degenerative mitral valve diseases, 1990\u20132017","volume":"141","author":"Yadgir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R6","first-page":"26","article-title":"Valvular heart disease, Part 2. Mitral valve disease in older adults","volume":"58","author":"Segal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30994-2","article-title":"Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"391","author":"Fullman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.119172","article-title":"Influence of socioeconomic status on survival after primary aortic or mitral valve replacement","volume":"94","author":"Bagger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7070.1434","article-title":"Association of cardiovascular disease risk factors with socioeconomic position during childhood and during adulthood","volume":"313","author":"Blane","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R10","article-title":"GBD Compare Data Visualization 2016","volume-title":"IHME Website","author":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R11","article-title":"Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting: the GATHER statement","volume":"13","author":"Stevens","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2021.09.002","article-title":"Global, regional, and national survey on the burden and quality of care of pancreatic cancer: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 1990\u20132017","volume":"21","author":"Aryannejad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30468-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of brain and other CNS cancer, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30213-5","article-title":"Funding and services needed to achieve universal health coverage: applications of global, regional, and national estimates of utilisation of outpatient visits and inpatient admissions from 1990 to 2016, and unit costs from 1995 to 2016","volume":"4","author":"Moses","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S112691","article-title":"The direct health-care burden of valvular heart disease: evidence from US national survey data","volume":"8","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinicoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199910283411806","article-title":"Effects of socioeconomic status on access to invasive cardiac procedures and on mortality after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"341","author":"Alter","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-016-0325-x","article-title":"Socioeconomic and racial disparities: a case-control study of patients receiving transcatheter aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis","volume":"4","author":"Sleder","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-11-200812020-00003","article-title":"Sex differences in morphology and outcomes of mitral valve prolapse","volume":"149","author":"Avierinos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-016-0783-0","article-title":"Gender disparities across the spectrum of advanced cardiac therapies: real or imagined?","volume":"18","author":"Bogaev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69208-8","article-title":"Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study","volume":"368","author":"Nkomo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R21","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Rajput","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-011-0173-6","article-title":"Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery","volume":"13","author":"Carabello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1103510","article-title":"Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients","volume":"364","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.4.1973","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature","volume":"88","author":"Kaplan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1159\/000354221","article-title":"Etiology of valvular heart disease in the twenty-first century","volume":"126","author":"Boudoulas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2010.205096","article-title":"Valvular heart disease: the next cardiac epidemic","volume":"97","author":"d\u2019Arcy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R27","article-title":"Influence of municipality-level mean income on access to aortic valve surgery: a cross-sectional observational study under Japan\u2019s universal health-care coverage","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R28","article-title":"Quality improvement for cardiovascular disease care in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311849","article-title":"Reducing the global burden of cardiovascular disease, part 2: prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease","volume":"121","author":"Leong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2022042217312173500_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.3.454","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in health care access and health outcomes for adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Quality in Health Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/intqhc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/intqhc\/mzac026\/43387654\/mzac026.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/intqhc\/article-pdf\/34\/2\/mzac026\/43410285\/mzac026.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/intqhc\/article-pdf\/34\/2\/mzac026\/43410285\/mzac026.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T17:31:55Z","timestamp":1650648715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/intqhc\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/intqhc\/mzac026\/6569462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intqhc\/mzac026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-4505","1464-3677"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-4505","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3677","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"article-number":"mzac026"}}