{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:02:34Z","timestamp":1791406954611,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) receptor agonist, is an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes and weight loss. However, its high cost poses a significant barrier to access for those who need it more. This study investigated if socioeconomic factors affected the use of semaglutide among patients with type 2 diabetes and if there are income disparities in its utilization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This analysis utilized data from the 2022 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), focusing on US adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The sample included 2542 individuals, representing \u223c30.3 million adults in the USA. Descriptive statistics were calculated to summarize demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Bivariate associations between income, insurance status, and semaglutide use were assessed using chi-square tests. A multivariable logistic regression model was applied to identify the relationship between income levels and Semaglutide use while adjusting for potential confounders, including insurance status, education, and employment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analysis revealed a significant association between income and semaglutide use. Individuals with incomes above the median were more likely to use semaglutide than those with lower incomes [odds ratio (OR) = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.14\u20132.26]. Private insurance also significantly increased the likelihood of semaglutide use (OR\u2009=\u20091.52, 95% CI: 1.04\u20132.22). Education level and employment status were additional significant predictors of access. Racial and ethnic disparities were observed but did not reach statistical significance after adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlighted the significant barriers to accessing semaglutide for low-income individuals. Such individuals are disproportionately affected by diabetes. The affordability of drugs like semaglutide underlines the need for policy interventions to address income-related disparities in healthcare. Expanding insurance coverage, implementing subsidy programs, and introducing price regulation strategies, such as external reference pricing, are potential solutions to improve access to this essential treatment. This study emphasizes the importance of ensuring equitable access to such essential medications regardless of income level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzaf131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T12:46:35Z","timestamp":1766321195000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Income disparities and accessibility to Semaglutide: implications for diabetes management and policy reform"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7943-3479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Varun","family":"Vaidya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus , Toledo, OH,","place":["United 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