{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T19:31:32Z","timestamp":1793302292606,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient safety culture (PSC) promotes shared values and practices to reduce harm. In low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs), PSC is limited by resources and weak reporting. Hospital pharmacists are key to preventing medication errors and are underrepresented. This review summarizes evidence on their PSC involvement, domain findings, and influencing factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and grey literature (January 2010\u2013December 2025) following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420251125507). Duplicates were removed in Rayyan. Two reviewers independently screened titles\/abstracts and full texts against eligibility criteria (hospital pharmacists, PSC assessment, LMIC setting), resolving disagreements by discussion or a third reviewer. Data were extracted using a standardized form (study characteristics, PSC tool, domain scores, predictors, barriers, findings). Quality was appraised with the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Findings were narratively synthesized due to heterogeneity; no meta-analysis was performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 1350 records identified, 29 studies met the inclusion criteria. All included articles were cross-sectional in design. Most studies were conducted in Africa (22; 75.9%). Only six studies (20.7%) focused exclusively on pharmacists. The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) was the most frequently used tool (22; 75.9%). Across studies, teamwork within units was the most consistently high-scoring domain (18; 62.1%). The lowest-scoring domains were staffing and work pace (10; 34.5%) and patient safety incidents, reporting 12 (41.4%). Common barriers identified: blame culture (55.2%), severe staffing shortages (51.7%), and resource constraints (41.4%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence involving hospital pharmacists in LLMICs is limited and largely derived from mixed-profession studies. Teamwork was a relative strength, while staffing and nonpunitive response were recurrent weaknesses, highlighting priorities for strengthening PSC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzag156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T12:28:58Z","timestamp":1790425738000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patient safety culture in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review of evidence involving hospital pharmacists"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ezinwanne Jane","family":"Ugochukwu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria , Nsukka, Enugu State, PMB 410001,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"Person-Centered HIV Research Team, University of Nigeria , Nsukka, Enugu State, PMB 410001,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olanrewaju Faith","family":"Omotayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital , Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onyinye Blessing","family":"Ukoha-Kalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, St Mary\u2019s University , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Person-Centered HIV Research Team, University of Nigeria , Nsukka, Enugu State, PMB 410001,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Ibezim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria , Nsukka, Enugu State, PMB 410001,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1349-6434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulmuminu","family":"Isah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria , Nsukka, Enugu State, PMB 410001,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"Person-Centered HIV Research Team, University of Nigeria , Nsukka, Enugu State, PMB 410001,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nneka Uchenna","family":"Igboeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria , Nsukka, Enugu State, PMB 410001,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7193-2305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chukwuemeka Michael","family":"Ubaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria , Nsukka, Enugu State, PMB 410001,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.15829\/1728-8800-2022-3427","article-title":"Patient safety as a global health priority","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Ther Prev"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.0738","article-title":"Two decades since To Err Is Human: an assessment of progress and emerging priorities in patient safety","volume":"37","author":"Bates","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2991\/dsahmj.k.200618.001","article-title":"Current status and predictors of patient safety culture in hospitals of Qassim region, Saudi Arabia","volume":"2","author":"AlReshidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Med J"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e673","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000003418","article-title":"Quality and safety in healthcare, part LXXXIII: the culture of safety in high reliability organizations","volume":"47","author":"Harolds","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2.018.38","article-title":"Assessment of patient safety culture in an adult oncology department in Saudi Arabia","volume":"33","author":"AlHarbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8496","DOI":"10.3390\/app14188496","article-title":"Patient safety culture in hospital settings across continents: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Alabdullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0326320","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0326320","article-title":"Patient safety culture in resource-limited healthcare settings: a multicentre survey","volume":"20","author":"Fekadu","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40886-017-0062-9","article-title":"Hospital survey on patient safety culture in Ethiopian public hospitals: a cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saf Health"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcorm.2024.100374","article-title":"Patient safety culture and associated factors among health care workers in South Wollo Zone Public Hospitals, North East Ethiopia","volume":"35","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Perioper Care Oper Room Manag"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/DHPS.S198146","article-title":"Patient safety culture and associated factors among health care providers in bale zone hospitals, Southeast Ethiopia: an institutional based cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Kumbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Healthc Patient Saf"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-11262-y","article-title":"Patient safety culture and associated factors of regional public hospitals in Addis Ababa","volume":"24","author":"Yayehrad","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1757-z","article-title":"Patient safety culture and associated factors: a quantitative and qualitative study of healthcare workers\u2019 view in Jimma zone hospitals, Southwest Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"Wami","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-025-13396-z","article-title":"Patient safety culture and associated factors among pharmacy professionals working in Bahir Dar City public hospitals using a pharmacy survey on patient safety culture (PSOPSC)","volume":"25","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0245966","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245966","article-title":"Patient safety culture and associated factors among health care professionals at public hospitals in Dessie town, North East Ethiopia, 2019","volume":"16","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2147\/DHPS.S291012","article-title":"Patient safety culture and associated factors among health-care providers in the university of gondar comprehensive specialized hospital, northwest Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Ayisa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Healthc Patient Saf"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4314\/dujopas.v10i2c.22","article-title":"Evaluation of patient safety culture practice amongst pharmacy staff in secondary and tertiary hospitals in Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"Osarenmwinda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dujopas"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.58920\/sciphar0303245","article-title":"Assessment of patient safety culture amongst pharmacy staff of selected healthcare facilities in Delta North, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Arute","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sciphar"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.4314\/bjnhc.v5i1.11","article-title":"Perceptions of patient safety culture among healthcare professionals in public hospitals in Kaduna state, Nigeria: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"5","author":"Lawal","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJNHC"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.20510\/ukjpb\/3\/i5\/89488","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of pharmacy patient safety culture in all levels of health care delivery in Delta state, Nigeria","author":"Eniojukan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PBJ"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.21276\/apjhs.2015.2.2.6","article-title":"Pharmacy patient safety: attitudes of pharmacy personnel to patient safety culture in a tertiary hospital in Bayelsa state, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Owonaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Health Sci"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.25259\/AJPPS_2025_005","article-title":"Pharmacist assessment of patient safety culture in a Nigeria\u2019s healthcare hub","volume":"4","author":"Olim","year":"2025","journal-title":"AJPPS"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0275606","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275606","article-title":"Safety culture and adverse event reporting in Ghanaian healthcare facilities: implications for patient safety","volume":"17","author":"Abuosi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01628-6","article-title":"Healthcare workers perceptions of patient safety culture in selected Ghanaian regional hospitals: a qualitative study","volume":"12","author":"Isaac","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v57i2.9","article-title":"Comparing patient safety culture in primary, secondary and tertiary hospitals in Ghana","volume":"57","author":"Abuosi A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-10000-0","article-title":"Response to patient safety incidents in healthcare settings in Ghana: the role of teamwork, communication openness, and handoffs","volume":"23","author":"Poku","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v14i1.3307","article-title":"Patient safety attitude among healthcare workers at different levels of healthcare in sharqia governorate, Egypt","volume":"14","author":"Hussein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.26719\/2012.18.4.372","article-title":"Assessment of patient safety culture among healthcare providers at a teaching hospital in Cairo, Egypt","volume":"18","author":"Aboul-Fotouh","year":"2012","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzq047","article-title":"The current state of patient safety culture in Lebanese hospitals: a study at baseline","volume":"22","author":"El-Jardali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0325292","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325292","article-title":"Assessment of patient safety culture among healthcare employees in major Eswatini public hospitals","volume":"20","author":"Ndlela","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4103\/QAIJ.QAIJ_22_22","article-title":"Assessing patient safety culture among healthcare providers at a tertiary care hospital: Bangalore","volume":"3","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"QAI J Healthc Qual Patient Saf"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.47811\/bhj.152","article-title":"Patient safety culture among healthcare professionals in Bhutan","volume":"9","author":"Pelzang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bhutan Health J"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.14371\/QIH.2024.30.1.3","article-title":"Safety attitudes among Vietnamese medical staff in a Vietnam disadvantaged area: latent class analysis","volume":"30","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Qual Improv Health Care"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13151934","article-title":"Patient safety culture of hospitals in Southern Laos: a cross-sectional study using the hospital survey on patient safety culture","volume":"13","author":"Sodeno","year":"2025","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.48018\/RMVv35i12","article-title":"Patient safety culture analysis in the staff of a specialty hospital in Ecuador: a cross sectional study","volume":"35","author":"Cueva","year":"2024","journal-title":"RMV"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25316","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025316","article-title":"Predictors of patient safety culture in hospitals in Venezuela: a cross-sectional study","volume":"100","author":"Chirinos Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzy080","article-title":"The patient safety culture: a systematic review by characteristics of hospital survey on patient safety culture dimensions","volume":"30","author":"Reis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjq.2025.01.007","article-title":"Patient safety culture among nurses in hospital settings worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Kyriakeli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.29.49.50.e10042","article-title":"Effective communication and teamwork promotes patient safety","volume":"29","author":"Gluyas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nurs Stand"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108151702","volume-title":"Medication Safety during Anesthesia and the Perioperative Period","author":"Merry","year":"2021","edition":"1st"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-015-0096-x","article-title":"Why is patient safety so hard in low-income countries? A qualitative study of healthcare workers\u2019 views in two African hospitals","volume":"11","author":"Aveling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.9734\/acri\/2025\/v25i21087","article-title":"Sustaining resilience: tackling the challenges of maintaining a robust health workforce and improving healthcare delivery","volume":"25","author":"Okoli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Curr Res Int"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5227","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16834","article-title":"Addressing nurse shortages and pandemic responses to enhance patient safety within global health challenges","volume":"81","author":"Glarcher","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2015.02.006","article-title":"Nurse reported patient safety in low-resource settings: a cross-sectional study of MNCH nurses in Nigeria","volume":"28","author":"Ogbolu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13031","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.13031","article-title":"Missed nursing care, nurse staffing levels and patient safety outcomes in low-income country acute care settings: an observational study","volume":"28","author":"Assaye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J of Nurs Pract"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2021-014287","article-title":"Implications of resource constraints and high workload on speaking up about threats to patient safety: a qualitative study of surgical teams in Ghana","volume":"31","author":"Mawuena","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Afaya","year":"2021","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-271752\/v1"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B47","author":"Westhuizen","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e017155","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017155","article-title":"Development of a theoretical framework of factors affecting patient safety incident reporting: a theoretical review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Archer","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.53730\/ijhs.v5nS1.15393","article-title":"Pharma\u00adcovigilance in clinical nursing: strengthening safety protocols through pharmacy collaboration","volume":"5","author":"Alwehaibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J of Health Sci"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66516","DOI":"10.37118\/ijdr.29784.08.2024","article-title":"Pharmacists as key players in patient-centered care: an extensive review of their impact on medication management, safety, and health outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Aljehani","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJDR"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2022.07.010","article-title":"A comparative analysis of \u00adpharmaceutical workforce development needs across the commonwealth","volume":"19","author":"Bates","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res Soc Adm Pharm"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616503","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.616503","article-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship programs in northwest China: a cross-sectional survey of perceptions, involvement, and perceived barriers among hospital phar\u00admacists","volume":"12","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e044116","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044116","article-title":"Staying ahead of the curve: navigating changes and maintaining gains in patient safety culture - a mixed-methods study","volume":"11","author":"Titi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026102914454069100_mzag156-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000630","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000630","article-title":"Building a safety culture in global health: lessons from Guatemala","volume":"3","author":"Rice","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Quality in Health Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/intqhc\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/intqhc\/mzag156\/71409129\/mzag156.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/intqhc\/article-pdf\/38\/4\/mzag156\/71409129\/mzag156.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/intqhc\/article-pdf\/38\/4\/mzag156\/71409129\/mzag156.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:45:49Z","timestamp":1793299549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/intqhc\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/intqhc\/mzag156\/8837390"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ms Linda","family":"Graudins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intqhc\/mzag156","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-4505","1464-3677"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-4505","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3677","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"article-number":"mzag156"}}