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In this context, the RT-qPCR of molecules mediating inflammatory processes in amphibians is a valuable tool to explore the relationships among molecular biology, endocrine mediators, and immune response in these animals. In this study, toads (Rhinella diptycha) received an intraperitoneal saline injection or lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 2 mg\/kg). Six hours post-injection, we analyzed plasma corticosterone (CORT) and MEL levels and pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-\u03b3, and C1s). We found increased CORT and decreased MEL levels in response to LPS. Also, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-10 were upregulated in LPS-injected toads compared with saline-injected toads. Overall, our results demonstrate an LPS-induced inflammatory response with endocrine and immune modulation in R. diptycha toads, exhibiting expected patterns for an inflammatory stimulus within this time frame (6 h post-injection). Toads were responsive to LPS by secreting different cytokines, such as proinflammatory cytokines IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6, related to immune cell attraction to inflammatory sites and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which limits the rate of leukocyte infiltration, inflammation, and downregulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Increased circulating CORT levels are probably associated with the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis by the LPS and the endocrine actions of IL-6. Furthermore, decreased circulating MEL levels are likely due to inhibited MEL secretion by the pineal gland by inflammatory stimuli, indicating the activation\/existence of the immune-pineal axis in amphibians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obab025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T15:13:18Z","timestamp":1630163598000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Lipopolysaccharide Regulates Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines, Corticosterone, and Melatonin in Toads"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4783-6054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L F","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Filosofia, Ci\u00eancias e Letras do Centro Universit\u00e1rio Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Santo Andr\u00e9, Avenida Pr\u00edncipe de Gales, 821, Santo Andr\u00e9, SP 09060-650, Brasil"},{"name":"Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Rua do Mat\u00e3o, trav. 14, 101, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8228-905X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P G","family":"Garcia Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Rua do Mat\u00e3o, trav. 14, 101, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1351-6546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S C M","family":"Titon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Rua do Mat\u00e3o, trav. 14, 101, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-090, 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