{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:39:31Z","timestamp":1772138371677,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":212,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01-NS108637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-NS108637"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sexual systems vary greatly across molluscs. This diversity includes simultaneous hermaphroditism, with both sexes functional at the same time. Most nudibranch molluscs are thought to be simultaneous hermaphrodites, but detailed studies of reproductive development and timing remain rare as most species cannot be cultured in the lab. The aeolid nudibranch, Berghia stephanieae, is one such species that can be cultured through multiple generations on the benchtop. We studied B. stephanieae reproductive timing to establish when animals first exchange sperm and how long sperm can be stored. We isolated age- and size-matched individuals at sequential timepoints to learn how early individuals can exchange sperm. Individuals isolated at 10 weeks post initial feeding (wpf; \u223c13 weeks postlaying [wpl]) can produce fertilized eggs. This is 6 weeks before animals first lay egg masses, indicating that sperm exchange occurs well before individuals are capable of laying eggs. Our results indicate that male gonads become functional for animals between 6 mm (\u223c6 wpf, \u223c9 wpl) and 9 mm (\u223c12 wpf, \u223c15 wpl) in length. That is much smaller (and sooner) than the size (and age) of individuals at first laying (12\u201319 mm; \u223c16 wpf, \u223c19 wpl), indicating that male and female functions do not develop simultaneously. We also tracked the number of fertilized eggs in each egg mass, which remained steady for the first 10\u201315 egg masses, followed by a decline to near-to-no fertilization. This dataset provides insights into the precise timing of the onset of functionality of the male and female reproductive systems in B. stephanieae. These data contribute to a broader understanding of reproductive development and the potential for understanding the evolution of diverse sexual systems in molluscs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obac034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T11:30:42Z","timestamp":1659353442000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Precocious Sperm Exchange in the Simultaneously Hermaphroditic Nudibranch,\n                    <i>Berghia stephanieae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Neville F","family":"Taraporevala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0218-3333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryna P","family":"Lesoway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0754-5751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica A","family":"Goodheart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2644-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deirdre C","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022090707495996000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2003.2255","article-title":"Sexual selection in a simultaneous hermaphrodite with hypodermic insemination: body size, allocation to sexual roles and paternity","volume":"66","author":"Angeloni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"2022090707495996000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-006-0173-5","article-title":"Hermaphrodite sex role preferences: the role of partner body size, mating history and female fitness in the sea slug Chelidonura sandrana","volume":"60","author":"Anthes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"2022090707495996000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-006-0265-2","article-title":"Male mating opportunities affect sex allocation in a protrandric-simultaneous hermaphroditic shrimp","volume":"61","author":"Baeza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"2022090707495996000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(74)90027-6","article-title":"Metamorphosis of the marine gastropod Phestilla Sibogae Bergh (Nudibranchia: Aeolidacea). 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