{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T18:32:18Z","timestamp":1788460338484,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":310,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016025","name":"American Association for Anatomy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title><jats:p>At the level of the whole muscle, contractile patterns during activity are a critical and necessary source of variation in function. Understanding if a muscle is actively lengthening, shorting, or remaining isometric has implications for how it is working to power a given behavior. When feeding, the muscles associated with the tongue, jaws, pharynx, and hyoid act together to transport food through the oral cavity and into the esophagus. These muscles have highly coordinated firing patterns, yet also exhibit high levels of regional heterogeneity in both their timing of activity and their contractile characteristics when active. These high levels of variation make investigations into function challenging, especially in systems where muscles power multiple behaviors. We used infant pigs as a model system to systematically evaluate variation in muscle firing patterns in two muscles (mylohyoid and genioglossus) during two activities (sucking and swallowing). We also evaluated the contractile characteristics of mylohyoid during activity in the anterior and posterior regions of the muscle. We found that the posterior regions of both muscles had different patterns of activity during sucking versus swallowing, whereas the anterior regions of the muscles did not. Furthermore, the anterior portion of mylohyoid exhibited concentric contractions when active during sucking, whereas the posterior portion was isometric during sucking and swallowing. This difference suggests that the anterior portion of mylohyoid in infant pigs is functioning in concert with the tongue and jaws to generate suction, whereas the posterior portion is likely acting as a hyoid stabilizer during sucking and swallowing. Our results demonstrate the need to evaluate both the contractile characteristics and activity patterns of a muscle in order to understand its function, especially in cases where there is potential for variation in either factor within a single muscle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obac046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T09:29:49Z","timestamp":1667813389000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Regional Variation in Contractile Patterns and Muscle Activity in Infant Pig Feeding"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0402-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C J","family":"Mayerl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University , Rootstown, OH, 44272 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University , Flagstaff, AZ, 86011 , 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