{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:38:11Z","timestamp":1765233491251,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006514","name":"East Tennessee State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title><jats:p>The hyoid apparatus in laryngeally echolocating bats is unique as it forms a mechanical connection between the larynx and auditory bullae, which has been hypothesized to transfer the outgoing echolocation call to the middle ear during call emission. Previous finite element modeling (FEM) found that hyoid-borne sound can reach the bulla at an amplitude likely heard by echolocating bats; however, that study did not model how or if the signal could reach the inner ear (or cochlea). One route that sound could take is via stimulation of the eardrum\u2014similarly to that of air-conducted sound. We used micro computed tomography (\u03bcCT) data to build models of the hyoid apparatus and middle ear from six species of bats with variable morphology. Using FEM, we ran harmonic response analyses to measure the vibroacoustic response of the tympanic membrane due to hyoid-borne sound generated during echolocation and found that hyoid-borne sound in all six species stimulated the eardrum within a range likely heard by bats. Although there was variation in the efficiency between models, there are no obvious morphological patterns to account for it. This suggests that hyoid morphology in laryngeal echolocators is likely driven by other associated functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obad004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T11:20:48Z","timestamp":1675077648000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vibroacoustic Response of the Tympanic Membrane to Hyoid-Borne Sound Generated during Echolocation in Bats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"C C G","family":"Snipes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University , 1276 Gilbreath Dr, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5874-7367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R T","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University , 1276 Gilbreath Dr, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023022318035887500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.023226","article-title":"Intense echolocation calls from two \u201cwhispering\u201d bats, Artibeus jamaicensis and Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Phyllostomidae)","volume":"212","author":"Brinkl\u00f8v","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2023022318035887500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736957","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1736957","article-title":"Analysis of the mechanical properties of the human tympanic membrane and its influence on the dynamic behaviour of the human hearing system","volume":"2018","author":"Caminos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Bionics Biomech"},{"key":"2023022318035887500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13204","article-title":"Reinforcement of the larynx and trachea in echolocating and non-echolocating bats","volume":"237","author":"Carter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2023022318035887500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12097","article-title":"Ontogeny of vocalization in Jamaican fruit bats with implications for the evolution of echolocation","volume":"293","author":"Carter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"2023022318035887500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5087134","article-title":"Tympanic membrane surface motions in forward and reverse middle ear transmissions","volume":"145","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"2023022318035887500_","first-page":"124","volume-title":"Bones: structure and mechanics","author":"Currey","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023022318035887500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20165","article-title":"Finite-element analysis of biting behavior and bone stress in the facial skeletons of bats","volume":"283","author":"Dumont","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol"},{"key":"2023022318035887500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.07.021","article-title":"Mechanical loading, damping, and load-driven bone formation in mouse tibiae","volume":"51","author":"Dodge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2023022318035887500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.073171","article-title":"Evolution of high duty cycle echolocation in bats","volume":"215","author":"Fenton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2023022318035887500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12449","article-title":"Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT): an emerging tool for rapid, high-resolution, 3-D imaging of metazoan soft tissues","volume":"228","author":"Gignac","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2023022318035887500_","first-page":"1","article-title":"Systematics of the new world nectar-feeding bats (Mammalia, Phyllostomidae), based on the morphology of the hyoid and lingual regions","author":"Griffiths","year":"1982"},{"key":"2023022318035887500_","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phylogenetic systematics of slit- faced bats (Chiroptera, Nycteridae) based on hyoid and other morphology","author":"Griffiths","year":"1994","journal-title":"."},{"key":"2023022318035887500_","first-page":"1","article-title":"Systematics of megadermatid bats (Chiroptera, Megadermatidae) based on hyoid morphology","author":"Griffiths","year":"1992"},{"key":"2023022318035887500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.09.011","article-title":"Hearing in American leaf-nosed bats. 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