{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:14:28Z","timestamp":1784556868706,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":155,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP-2324998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP-2324998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB-1557147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1557147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35GM150590"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM150590"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011435","name":"RAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1025032400008-1-1.5.12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1025032400008-1-1.5.12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011435","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Habitat transitions are a major driver of morphological evolution. Teleost fishes have repeatedly transitioned from benthic to pelagic habitats, often evolving predictable changes in body shape that enhance hydrodynamic efficiency. While freshwater sculpins (Cottidae, Perciformes) are usually benthic, two genera in Lake Baikal, Comephorus and Cottocomephorus, have independently evolved into mid-water niches. As sculpins lack a swim bladder, these lineages instead improved buoyancy through reduced skeletal density and increased lipid stores. Using micro-computed tomography and two-dimensional morphometrics, we characterized skeletal evolution in six benthic, two benthopelagic, and two pelagic species across the Baikal sculpin radiation. Parallel changes to mineral density, porosity, and thickness evolved independently in pelagic and benthopelagic clades, with mineral density showing the most consistent and significant reductions. Density reductions occurred throughout the skull in pelagic and benthopelagic species. The basibranchials and neurocranium exhibited the lowest overall bone density across all cranial elements. While the jaws maintained the highest absolute density values among the bones we measured, they also showed the greatest proportional reduction in density associated with pelagic habitat use, with a 56.86% decrease in percentage hydroxyapatite and a 21.39% increase in porosity. Morphometric analyses further identified parallel evolution toward an elongate body shape, reduced and posteriorly shifted eyes, and elevated fin insertion in pelagic and benthopelagic taxa. These results demonstrate a repeated skeletal lightening and body shape changes accompanying benthic-to-pelagic transitions. This pattern mirrors other benthic-to-pelagic transitions in teleosts that lack swim bladders, highlighting shared biomechanical and microstructural solutions to life in the open water.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obag026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:49:04Z","timestamp":1780573744000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parallel Reduction in Skeletal Density During Benthic to Pelagic Transitions in Baikal Sculpins"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"B A","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston , Houston, TX 77204 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0335-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O","family":"Larouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Western Carolina University , Cullowhee, NC 28723 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Loetzerich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston , Houston, TX 77204 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2026-5829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M E","family":"Gerringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, State University of New York at Geneseo , Geneseo, NY 14454 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5049-887X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K M","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Rice University , Houston, TX 77005 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4409-9597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, California State University Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90032 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9997-6294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S","family":"Kirilchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Limnological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences , Irkutsk 664033 ,","place":["Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9083-9202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M W","family":"Sandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University , Mississippi State, MS 39762 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University , Mississippi State, MS 39759 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3631-4514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J M","family":"Daane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston , Houston, TX 77204 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12035","article-title":"Geomorph: an R package for the collection and analysis of geometric morphometric shape data","volume":"4","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8570","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27833","article-title":"Prospect of mesenchymal stem cells in therapy of osteoporosis: a review","volume":"234","author":"Aghebati-Maleki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib3","volume-title":"Functional bases of the external structure of fish","author":"Aleev","year":"1963"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib4","first-page":"127","article-title":"Size-age variations of outer morphology and trophic status of the sculpins Comephorus dybowski Korotneff and C. baicalensis (Pallas) (Cottoidei, Comephoridae) during their growth in Lake Baikal","volume-title":"New scope on sustainable watersheds in East Siberia","author":"Anoshko","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13537","article-title":"Bone microstructure and bone mineral density are not systemically different in Antarctic icefishes and related Antarctic notothenioids","volume":"240","author":"Ashique","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib5a","author":"Berg","year":"1907"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400018105","article-title":"Aspects of the circulatory physiology and muscle systems of deep-sea fish","volume":"51","author":"Blaxter","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Mar Biol Assoc"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.31951\/2658-3518-2023-A-3-63","article-title":"The Sculpins (Perciformes: cottidae) of Lake Baikal and Baikal region: updated checklist with the description of new taxa","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Limnol Freshw Biol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"obz023","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obz023","article-title":"Have niche, will travel. new means of linking diet and ecomorphology reveals niche conservatism in freshwater cottoid fishes","volume":"1","author":"Buser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr Org Biol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib8a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"obaa009","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obaa009","article-title":"The Natural Historian's Guide to the CT Galaxy: Step-by-Step Instructions for Preparing and Analyzing Computed Tomographic (CT) Data Using Cross-Platform, Open Access Software","volume":"2","author":"Buser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Integrative Organismal Biology"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1086\/731784","article-title":"Freshwater habitats promote rapid rates of phenotypic evolution in sculpin fishes (Perciformes: cottoidea)","volume":"204","author":"Buser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2015.168","article-title":"Fate decision of mesenchymal stem cells: adipocytes or osteoblasts?","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-7471(73)90023-5","article-title":"The chemical composition of midwater fishes as a function of depth of occurence off southern California","volume":"20","author":"Childress","year":"1973","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res Oceanogr Abstr"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1974.tb01590.x","article-title":"A review of the pelagic ophidioid fish genus Brotulataenia with descriptions of two new species","volume":"55","author":"Cohen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Zool J Linn Soc"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9551","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009551","article-title":"Bentho-pelagic divergence of cichlid feeding architecture was prodigious and consistent during multiple adaptive radiations within African rift-lakes","volume":"5","author":"Cooper","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib14","first-page":"434","article-title":"Chemical composition and energy content of deep-sea demersal fishes from tropical and temperate regions of the western North Atlantic","volume":"56","author":"Crabtree","year":"1995","journal-title":"Oceanogr Lit Rev"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-0914-2","article-title":"Historical contingency shapes adaptive radiation in Antarctic fishes","volume":"3","author":"Daane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib16","article-title":"A new bathymetric map of Lake Baikal","author":"De Batist","year":"2006","journal-title":"Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400005750","article-title":"The buoyancy of bathypelagic fishes without a gas-filled swimbladder","volume":"37","author":"Denton","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Mar Biol Assoc"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/271352a0","article-title":"Lipid sacs as a buoyancy adaptation in an Antarctic fish","volume":"271","author":"Devries","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226268392.001.0001","volume-title":"Great transformations in vertebrate evolution","author":"Dial","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"JEB247918","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.247918","article-title":"Swimming smarter, not harder: fishes exploit habitat heterogeneity to increase locomotor performance","volume":"228","author":"Di Santo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib20a","first-page":"384","volume":"24","author":"Dybowski","year":"1874"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(88)90292-1","article-title":"Lipid storage systems and the biology of two neutrally buoyant Antarctic notothenioid fishes","volume":"90","author":"Eastman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Compar Biochem Physiol Part B: Compar Biochem"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib22","volume-title":"Antarctic fish biology: evolution in a unique environment","author":"Eastman","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3390\/d16040214","article-title":"The axes of divergence for the evolutionary radiation of notothenioid fishes in Antarctica","volume":"16","author":"Eastman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20258","article-title":"Divergence in skeletal mass and bone morphology in antarctic notothenioid fishes","volume":"275","author":"Eastman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20201053","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.1053","article-title":"Body shape diversification along the benthic-pelagic axis in marine fishes: effects of habitat on fish body shape","volume":"287","author":"Friedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20201053","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.1053","article-title":"Body shape diversification along the benthic\u2013pelagic axis in marine fishes","volume":"287","author":"Friedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-021-00399-9","article-title":"Habitat influences skeletal morphology and density in the snailfishes (family Liparidae)","volume":"18","author":"Gerringer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Zool"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171063","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.171063","article-title":"Distribution, composition and functions of gelatinous tissues in deep-sea fishes","volume":"4","author":"Gerringer","year":"2017","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20171345","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.1345","article-title":"Physical trade-offs shape the evolution of buoyancy control in sharks","volume":"284","author":"Gleiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B: Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173447","article-title":"Phylogenetic insights on adaptive radiation","volume":"41","author":"Glor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsp098","article-title":"Diel migration and swimbladder resonance of small fish: some implications for analyses of multifrequency echo data","volume":"66","author":"God\u00f8","year":"2009","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20533","article-title":"Sink or swim? Bone density as a mechanism for buoyancy control in early cetaceans","volume":"290","author":"Gray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.21482","volume-title":"Fish skulls; a study of the evolution of natural mechanisms","author":"Gregory","year":"1959"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1981)110<708:MTEMPO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Method to evaluate mechanical properties of bone in fish","volume":"110","author":"Hamilton","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans Am Fish Soc"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05380.x","article-title":"Ecological speciation in sticklebacks: environment-dependent hybrid fitness","volume":"53","author":"Hatfield","year":"1999","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib35a","article-title":"Statistical methods for meta-analysis","author":"Hedges","year":"1985"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2025.102384","article-title":"Linking phenotype to genotype using comprehensive genomic comparisons","volume":"94","author":"Hilgers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2012.08.032","article-title":"A \u201cforward genomics\u201d approach links genotype to phenotype using independent phenotypic losses among related species","volume":"2","author":"Hiller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syu005","article-title":"A linear-time algorithm for Gaussian and non-Gaussian trait evolution models","volume":"63","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00391405","article-title":"Buoyancy function of the enlarged fluid-filled cranium in the deep-sea ophidiid fish Acanthonus armatus","volume":"46","author":"Horn","year":"1978","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020360","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells: cell fate decision to osteoblast or adipocyte and application in osteoporosis treatment","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2003.00221.x","article-title":"Pectoral fin development in the Baikalian viviparous golomyankas (Comephoridae; Cottoidei), with a remark on eggs and embryos of Comephorus baicalensis (Pallas)","volume":"203","author":"Jakubowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2012.03.002","article-title":"Life in the flow lane: differences in pectoral fin morphology suggest transitions in station-holding demand across species of marine sculpin","volume":"115","author":"Kane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7657-3_19","article-title":"3D slicer: a platform for subject-specific image analysis, visualization, and clinical support","volume-title":"Intraoperative Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy","author":"Kikinis","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib44","first-page":"183","volume-title":"The morphological characteristics of Lake Baikal","author":"Kolokoltzeva","year":"1961"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib44a","author":"Korotneff","year":"1905"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biology, resources and economical significance of the golomyankas","volume-title":"Issledovaniya Po Ikhtiofaune Baikala","author":"Koryakov","year":"1964"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0491(00)00207-8","article-title":"Lipids and fatty acids of two pelagic cottoid fishes (Comephorus spp.) endemic to Lake Baikal","volume":"126","author":"Kozlova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol B: Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(75)90291-6","article-title":"Composition of oil in fish bones: possible function in neutral buoyancy","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"1975","journal-title":"Compar Biochem Physiol Part B: Compar Biochem"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2005.01.013","article-title":"Molecular and morphological evolution of the amphipod radiation of Lake Baikal","volume":"35","author":"Macdonald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib49","first-page":"735","article-title":"Larvae of Liparis fucensis and Liparis callyodon: is the \u201cCottoid Bubblemorph\u201d Phylogenetically Significant?","volume":"87","author":"Marliave","year":"1989","journal-title":"Fish Bull"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Swimbladder structure of deep-sea fishes in relation to their systematics and biology","author":"Marshall","year":"1960","journal-title":"Discov Rep"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"obac044","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obac044","article-title":"Bone density variation in rattails (Macrouridae, Gadiformes): buoyancy, depth, body size, and feeding","volume":"4","author":"Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integr Org Biol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/14634988.2015.1028868","article-title":"The fishes and fishery in Lake Baikal","volume":"18","author":"Matveyev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat Ecosyst Health Manage"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142X.2004.04030.x","article-title":"Twenty ways to lose your bladder: common natural mutants in zebrafish and widespread convergence of swim bladder loss among teleost fishes","volume":"6","author":"McCune","year":"2004","journal-title":"Evol Dev"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1163\/156854291X00441","article-title":"The concept of bone tissue in osteichthyes","volume":"42","author":"Meunier","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neth J Zool"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-018-0451-y","article-title":"Bone marrow adipose tissue and skeletal health","volume":"16","author":"Muruganandan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12266","article-title":"Proliferation of elongate fishes in the deep sea: elongation of deep-sea fishes","volume":"83","author":"Neat","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00397024","article-title":"Lipid compositions, water contents, swimbladder morphologies and buoyancies of nineteen species of midwater fishes (18 myctophids and 1 neoscopelid)","volume":"66","author":"Neighbors","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119174844","volume-title":"Fishes of the world","author":"Nelson","year":"2016","edition":"5th ed"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/204594a0","article-title":"A hadal fish (Bassogigas profundissimus) with a functional swimbladder","volume":"204","author":"Nielsen","year":"1964","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib59a","author":"Pallas","year":"1776"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg412","article-title":"APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language","volume":"20","author":"Paradis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-93985-6_4","article-title":"Buoyancy control in aquatic vertebrates","volume-title":"Cardio-respiratory control in vertebrates","author":"Pelster","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu181","article-title":"Geiger v2.0: an expanded suite of methods for fitting macroevolutionary models to phylogenetic trees","volume":"30","author":"Pennell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22\u2013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-019-0083-6","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: cell biology to clinical progress","volume":"4","author":"Pittenger","year":"2019","journal-title":"npj Regen Med"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316018330","volume-title":"Deep-sea fishes: biology, diversity, ecology and fisheries Cambridge","author":"Priede","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2018.01.004","article-title":"Buoyancy of gas-filled bladders at great depth","volume":"132","author":"Priede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res Part I"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb246522","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246522","article-title":"In situ observation of a macrourid fish at 7259 m in the Japan Trench: swimbladder buoyancy at extreme depth","volume":"227","author":"Priede","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2000.45.1.0159","article-title":"Small-scale turbulence and vertical mixing in Lake Baikal","volume":"45","author":"Ravens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2307\/1443520","article-title":"The allometric relationship of skeleton weight to body weight in teleost fishes: a preliminary comparison with birds and mammals","volume":"1977","author":"Reynolds","year":"1977","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33396","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006511117","article-title":"Evolutionary determinism and convergence associated with water-column transitions in marine fishes","volume":"117","author":"Rincon-Sandoval","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1086\/285696","article-title":"Character release and displacement in fishes: a neglected literature","volume":"144","author":"Robinson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib71","volume-title":"Tpsdig2, digitise landmarks and outlines, version 2.3","author":"Rohlf","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2025.108451","article-title":"Sink or swim: phylogenomic analysis of Baikal sculpins reveals multiple transformations to pelagic, bathybenthic, and lotic ecomorphologies","volume":"213","author":"Sandel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14575","article-title":"Trapped in the morphospace: the relationship between morphological integration and functional performance","volume":"76","author":"Sansalone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib74","first-page":"1762","article-title":"Comparative transcriptomics as a key to understanding the adaptation mechanisms of Baikal sculpins to the deep-water habitat","volume":"14","author":"Sapozhnikova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02205","article-title":"Neutral buoyancy is optimal to minimize the cost of transport in horizontally swimming seals","volume":"3","author":"Sato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198505235.001.0001","volume-title":"The ecology of adaptive radiation, Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution","author":"Schluter","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1086\/303412","article-title":"Ecological character displacement in adaptive radiation","volume":"156","author":"Schluter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2307\/1538611","article-title":"Secretion of gases against high pressures in the swimbladder of deep sea fishes. I. Oxygen dissociation in blood","volume":"107","author":"Scholander","year":"1954","journal-title":"Biol Bull"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib78a","first-page":"219","article-title":"Fish fauna of the area of high hydrothermal activity (Frolikha Bay, Lake Baikal), with the description of a new species of the genus Neocottus (Abyssocottidae)","volume":"42","author":"Sideleva","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Ichthyol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib79","volume-title":"The endemic fishes of Lake Baikal","author":"Sideleva","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib80","first-page":"1499","volume-title":"Adaptation of Cottoidei fishes to the pelagic conditions of Lake Baikal","author":"Sideleva","year":"1989"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12212576","article-title":"A brief review of bone cell function and importance","volume":"12","author":"\u0160romov\u00e1","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16209","article-title":"Diversification along a benthic to pelagic gradient contributes to fish diversity in the world\u2019s largest lake (Lake Baikal, Russia)","volume":"31","author":"St. John","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150321","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0321","article-title":"Conquest of the deep, old and cold: an exceptional limpet radiation in Lake Baikal","volume":"11","author":"Stelbrink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib83a","first-page":"107","article-title":"K voprosu o prichinah i tempah divergentnoj jevoljucii bajkal'skih Cottoidei [On the rate and causes of divergent evolution in the Cottoidei from Lake Baikal]","volume":"12","author":"Taliev","year":"1948","journal-title":"Trudy Baikalskoi Limnologicheskoi Stantsii [Proceedings of Baikal Limnologycal Station]"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib84","volume-title":"Sculpins of Lake Baikal (Cottoidei)","author":"Taliev","year":"1955"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.31951\/2658-3518-2019-A-5-308","article-title":"Structure features and structural transformations of the maxillary bones in the Baikal cottoid fish","volume":"2019","author":"Tolmacheva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Limnol Freshw Biol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1134\/S003294521001008X","article-title":"Structure of the mouth opening and pharyngeal apparatus in three species of Baikal Cottoidei in relation to their feeding","volume":"50","author":"Tolmacheva","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Ichthyol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib87","first-page":"285","article-title":"The most abundant grenadiers of the Russian Far East EEZ: distribution and basic biological patterns","volume":"63","author":"Tuponogov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Fish Soc Symp"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib88","first-page":"3","article-title":"Ecological morphology of lacustrine threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (Gasterosteidae) body shape","volume":"61","author":"Walker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc Lond"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib89","first-page":"107","article-title":"Body form, locomotion and foraging in aquatic vertebrates","volume":"24","author":"Webb","year":"1984","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/22.2.329","article-title":"Locomotor patterns in the evolution of actinopterygian fishes","volume":"22","author":"Webb","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Zool"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib91","first-page":"281","article-title":"Stability and Maneuverability","volume-title":"Fish physiology","author":"Webb","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib92","first-page":"194","article-title":"Mechanically efficient swimming techniques for fish with negative buoyancy","volume":"31","author":"Weihs","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Mar Res"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1643\/CG-14-140","article-title":"Teleost skeletal plasticity: modulation, adaptation, and remodelling","volume":"103","author":"Witten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2026072009195856800_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14030619","article-title":"Chromosome-length assembly of the Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica) genome reveals a historically large population prior to isolation in Lake Baikal","volume":"14","author":"Yakupova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes"}],"container-title":["Integrative Organismal Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iob\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/iob\/obag026\/68480069\/obag026.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iob\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/obag026\/68480069\/obag026.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iob\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/obag026\/68480069\/obag026.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:20:16Z","timestamp":1784553616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iob\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/iob\/obag026\/8702922"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/iob\/obag026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2517-4843"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2517-4843","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"obag026"}}